Yonggang Han

Abstract: The secret of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) lies in the dosage that is used. In TCM prescriptions, the relative dosage ratio between medicinals is more important than the absolute dosage. There have been 4 major reforms of the weights and measures system in Chinese history, so the conversion between ancient and modern weights and measures is very important for the absolute dosage of medicinals. One sheng in the Han dynasty is approximately equal to 200 milliliters in modern times, and there is no debate on this point. The differences among conversions of the Han-dynasty liang into the modern gram are very large, ranging from 1 gram to 15.625 grams. The author suggests implementing small, medium, and large dose conversion algorithms according to different clinical situations.

Keywords:classical prescription， dosage， systems of weights and measures

The effectiveness of TCM prescriptions is determined by the accuracy of the pattern diagnosis and the reasonability of the formula. A precisely targeted formula will definitely be effective! The ancient sages said that “the secret of TCM lies in the dosage that is used”, which highlights the importance of how medicinals are dosed. The ingredients in a formula are like the warp of a fabric and their dosage is the weft; when the warp and weft are combined, they can dispel disease.

Relative Dosage

In TCM prescriptions, the relative dosage ratio among medicinals may be even more important than the absolute dosage! Conversion methods between ancient and modern weights and measures may differ, so the absolute dosages of medicinals in a prescription may vary accordingly; this is acceptable as long as the absolute dosage is within a reasonable range. Excluding single-medicinal prescriptions, all TCM formulas are compound formulas. The key features of compound formulas are the combination of medicinal roles, namely sovereign, minister, assistant, and envoy, and the ratio among the dosages. In the “24 major and minor formulas for supplementing and draining the viscera and bowels” in Fu Xing Jue ［Extraneous Secrets］, the ratio between the sovereign and minister medicinals is 3:3, while the ratio between the sovereign and assistant medicinals is 3:1. This ratio is a relative dosage ratio between medicinals in these prescriptions that I believe is very reasonable and should be followed strictly in clinical practice.

In addition, Professor Huang Huang has proposed an interval ratio between the smallest and largest dosages; this also falls within the scope of relative dosage. In volume 1 of the Zhongguo Yaodian ［Chinese Pharmacopoeia］, the interval ratio between the smallest and largest dosages is 1:3; for example, if the smallest dosage is 3 grams, the largest would be 9 grams. However, in clinical practice, the actual interval ratio may in fact be very large. The results of a questionnaire survey of 330 famous TCM practitioners throughout China conducted by Professor Huang Huang showed that the interval ratios used by these practitioners typically ranged from 1:5 to 1:50 and could even reach 1:100. Therefore, Professor Huang Huang called for the interval ratio to be broadened to 1:5 or 1:10.

Absolute Dosage

Discussions of the absolute dosage of Chinese medicinals inevitably involve weights and measures, namely length, volume, and weight. Systems for measuring length developed around the time of the Shang or Yin dynasty, systems for measuring volume developed in the Warring States period, and systems for measuring weight developed between the mid-to late Spring and Autumn period and the middle of the Warring States period. After Qin Shi Huang unified the Central Plains of China, he implemented the first standardized system of weights and measures on a national scale. The Qin system continued to be used during the Han dynasty. Volume 21 of Han Shu ［The Book of Han］, entitled “Treatise on Rhythm and the Calendar”, states: “The weights are zhu, liang, jin, jun, and shi; they are used to balance things to know ［how］ light or heavy ［they are］. They are based on the weight of the yellow bell ［in the ancient Chinese musical system］. One yue holds 1200 grains of millet and weighs 12 zhu; 2 of these is a liang. ［There are］ 24 zhu in a liang. ［There are］ 16 liang in a jin. ［There are］ 30 jin in a jun. ［There are］ 4 jun in a shi.” So 24 zhu is 1 liang, 16 liang is 1 jin, 30 jin is 1 jun, and 4 jun is 1 shi.

The second standardization of the system of weights and measures happened in the Sui dynasty with a major breakthrough in terms of units; this system consisted of hao, li, fen, qian, liang, and jin.

The third standardization happened in 1928 when the government of the Republic of China established the “1-2-3 weight and measurement system for market use”, namely 1 liter = 1 sheng, 1 kilogram = 2 jin, and 1 meter = 3 chi. This served as an effective transition from the old system to the new international system. According to research by Fu Yanling, there was a decrease in dosages used during this measurement system reform in the Republic of China, but it did not attract attention. In the Qing dynasty, 1 jin was 600 grams, 1 liang was 37.5 grams, and 1 qian was 3.75 grams; the government of the Republic of China decided to adopt the international system and changed 1 jin to 500 grams, so 1 jin decreased by 100 grams and 1 liang became 31.25 grams, but the dosages given by practitioners when they wrote prescriptions did not change.

The fourth standardization happened in the Peoples Republic of China. The “Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Measurement (for Trial Implementation)”, issued in 1977, clearly stipulated that the International System of Units would gradually be adopted. According to the “Notice to Request Reports on Reforming TCM Prescription Dose Measurement Units”from the National Bureau of Standards and Metrology, which was authorized by the State Council on April 5th, 1977, starting on January 1st, 1979, the “gram” became the national standard unit of measurement for all TCM prescription dosages. Before the end of the year 1990, all industries throughout the country had to complete the transition to legal units of measurement.

China has a long and complex history, and there are both similarities and differences among the weights and measures used in various dynasties, so converting the absolute dosages of medicinals recorded in formula texts from different dynasties is a critical issue. In the 24 major and minor formulas for supplementing and draining the viscera and bowels listed in Fu Xing Jue, with the exception of the major and minor formulas for supplementing the heart, the dosage of the sovereign and minister medicinals is always 3 liang, while the assistant medicinal is always 1 liang. Fu Yanling’s summary of Shanghan Zabing Lun ［On Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases］found that 83.1% of individual medicinal dosages were between 1 and 4 liang. In the Wei, Jin, Sui, and Tang periods, the vast majority of medicinal dosages were likewise between 1 and 4 liang, and the Southern dynasty of Tao Hongjings time continued to use the Eastern Han dynasty system of weights and measures. The real question facing modern TCM practitioners is: how should 1 liang from Shanghan Zabing Lun or Fu Xing Jue be converted into modern grams? At present, there are a number of different perspectives.

1.One liang equals 1 to 2 grams

Tao Hongjing’s Mingyi Bielu ［Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians］says that “ancient weighing scales only had zhu and liang ［units］ and no fen ［unit］; nowadays, 10 ［grains of］ millet is 1 zhu, 6 zhu is 1 fen, 4 fen is 1 liang, and 16 liang is 1 jin”. Based on the statement that “10 ［grains of］ millet is 1 zhu”, Wang Yiming measured the weight of 240 grains of millet and believes that 1 liang in the Han dynasty is roughly equivalent to 1 modern gram, with the maximum possible weight not exceeding 1.6 grams. Otsuka Keisetsu’s text Weights and Amounts of Medicinals states that “1 liang in the Han system is equivalent to 1.3 modern grams”, while Shimizu Totaro’s Pharmacological Research on Chinese Medicine says that “1 liang equals 1.42 grams”, and the Japanese text Third Revision of Japanese Quasi-Drug Formulas says “1 liang is equivalent to 2.0 modern grams”. This viewpoint has always been respected by Japanese Kampo practitioners such as Tamba Genkan and Yukiharu Awashima, most of whom support this theory, so it is the typical dosage currently used in Japanese Kampo prescriptions.

2.One liang is equal to about 3 grams

Starting in the Song dynasty, reforms of the weights and measures system were implemented to switch from the traditional “zhu, fen, and liang” units to “qian and liang” decimal units, and the dengcheng and zicheng ［weighing scales］ appeared. It has been verified that in the Song dynasty, 1 jin was equivalent to between 634 and 640 grams, 1 liang was approximately 39 to 40 grams, and 1 qian was about 3.9 to 4 grams. One zi is ? of 1 qian, so it was roughly equivalent to 1 gram; 1 sheng in the Song dynasty was about 600 milliliters. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, 1 jin was approximately 578 to 579 grams, 1 liang was about 36 grams, and 1 qian was roughly 3.6 grams; 1 sheng in the Ming and Qing dynasties was about 1000 milliliters. The definitions of dose units used in modern textbooks are mainly influenced by Li Shizhen’s Bencao Gangmu ［Herbal Foundation Compendium］from the Ming dynasty and Wang Ang’s Tangtou Gejue ［Decoctions in Rhymes］from the Qing dynasty, which state that “the ancient system was different from the modern one; ［in place of］ the ancient 1 liang, ［we］ now use 1 qian. The ancient 1 sheng is the same as 2.5 ge nowadays.” One liang converted to the modern qian is about 3 grams, while 1 sheng is approximately equal to between 60 and 80 milliliters. Modern textbooks and prescriptions tend to follow this viewpoint.

Shanghan Lun Jiangyi ［Lecture Notes on Shanghan Lun］, edited by Chengdu TCM College in 1964, states, “Regarding standards for dosage, there are differences between ancient and modern ［units］. In the Han period, 6 zhu equaled 1 fen and 4 fen equaled 1 liang; that is, 24 zhu equaled 1 liang. When applying a prescription, one must convert ［the dosage］ according to previous research, but it is even more important to rely on clinical practice. All references to ‘1 liang in this text are converted to 1 modern qian.” On this basis, 1 liang may be converted to 1 modern qian, which is about 3 grams. Later textbooks, including 5 editions of Shanghan Lun Jiangyi (the earliest version of a national standard textbook for advanced colleges of TCM), all adopted this perspective.

3.One liang is equal to about 8 grams

In chapter 10 of Jingui Yaolüe ［Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer］, entitled “Pulse, Symptoms, and Treatment of Abdominal Fullness, Cold Mounting, and Abiding Food”, after listing the prescription for“Aconite Main Root and Cinnamon Twig Decoction” (wū tóu guì zhī tāng), the text states “use 2 jin of honey and decoct until reduced by half. Remove the dregs, then dilute with 5 ge of Cinnamon Twig Decoction (guì zhī tāng) to make 1 sheng”. Based on the record of this decoction method, Chen Jiahua et al. believed that the volume of 1 jin of honey was 0.5 sheng (5 ge). Given that 1 sheng in the Eastern Han dynasty was equivalent to 198 milliliters, 0.5 sheng would be 99 milliliters, and testing shows that the specific gravity of raw honey is 1.27 grams per milliliter. From this it can be deduced that 1 jin in the Eastern Han dynasty was 126 grams and 1 liang was about 8 grams.

4.One liang is equal to between 13.75 and 13.92 grams

In the late Qing dynasty, Wu Dacheng found that the mass of 1 Xinmang liang was 13.674644 grams for currency correction purposes, while Liu Fu measured it as 14.1666 grams using the Xinmang Jia measurement system. Wu Chengluo calculated the average of these two figures and thought that 1 Xinmang liang was equal to 13.92 grams. The Eastern Han dynasty used the Xinmang system. The results of Wus textual research have been relatively influential in recent years; the aforementioned data have been referenced in texts such as Zhongyi Mingci Shuyu Xuanshi ［Interpretation of TCM Names and Terminology］, edited by the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and the Guangzhou University of TCM, as well as the appendix of Zhongyao Da Cidian ［The Great Dictionary of Chinese Medicine］.

Based on the excavation of multiple Eastern Han weighing devices, Qiu Guangming found that 1 jin in the Eastern Han dynasty was approximately equal to 222 grams and 1 liang was equal to 13.875 grams.

In China’s “973 Program” project entitled“Results on the Topic of Fundamental Research on Dose-Response Relationships in Famous Classical Formulas”, Fu Yanling thought that Zhang Zhongjing used the official scale to weigh medicinals in formulas. Therefore, according to Zhongguo Jishu Kexue Shi: Du Liang Heng Juan ［History of Chinese Technology and Science: Weights and Measures］, 1 jin in the Eastern Han dynasty was equal to 220 grams, so 1 liang was equal to 13.75 modern grams. Moreover, ancient scales from earlier dynasties were maintained in the Tang and Song periods for use in weighing valuable items like gold, silver, silk floss, and medicinals. They were called “gold and silver scales”, “silk floss scales”, or “medicinal scales”, but in fact they were all Han scales, the official scales of the Han dynasty.

The results of Fu, Qiu, and Wus research are all very similar to each other.

5.One liang is equal to 6.96 grams

Shanghan Lun Yuyi ［A Translation of Shanghan Lun］, edited by the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, referenced the standard conversion of 1 Eastern Han liang to 13.92 modern grams from Wu Chengluo’s Zhongguo Du Liang Heng Shi ［A History of Chinese Weights and Measures］. However, it also referenced Su Jing’s Xinxiu Bencao ［Newly Revised Herbal Foundation］from the Tang dynasty, which states that “ancient scales have been revived as the modern Southern ［dynasty］ scale. After the Jin ［dynasty］ scale began ［to be used］ in the late Han dynasty, 1 jin was divided into 2 jin and 1 liang was divided into 2 liang. Gold, silver, and silk floss are the same as medicinals; their weight is negligible. Among the ancient formulas, only ［those of Zhang］ Zhongjing already use the modern scale. If one were to use the ancient scale to decoct them, there would be too little water, so ［we］ know ［Zhang］ did not use the revived ［ancient］ scale and was familiar with the modern one.” Based on this record, Shanghan Lun Yuyi claimed that there was a medicinal scale in the Eastern Han period with units that were half those of conventional scales at that time and therefore converted 1 liang in Shanghan Lun to 6.96 grams.

6.One liang is equal to 15.625 grams

Ke Xuefan et al. performed calculations based on data about the “Guanghe Dasinong ［Major Agricultural Department］ Copper Weight”in the Zhongguo Gudai Du Liang Heng Tuji ［Chinese Ancient Weights and Measures Atlas］ edited by the Chinese National Institute of Metrology. This weight is currently housed in the National Museum of China. It is 7.6 centimeters high and the diameter of its base is 10 centimeters, with a mass of 2996 grams. It is hemispherical in form and features a square hole punched by an “inspection seal”. It bears an inscription that reads: “Dasinong ［The Major Agricultural Department］ issued an imperial edict in the early morning on the day of the autumnal equinox: to unify measurements, equalize weights, reconcile volumes, and rectify scales, copper measuring scoops, measuring vessels, scales, and rulers have been specially made for all the provinces in accordance with the yellow bell tuning system and the Jiu Zhang Suanshu ［9 Chapters on the Mathematical Art］, in order to equalize differences in length, weight, and size, to be used every day of the week, so that the entire country is unified. Created on the 23rd day of the second month of the second year of Guanghe by Dasinong ［official］ Cao Ling, auxiliary official Chun Yugong, right storehouse leader Chuan Zhuyin, and historian Han Hong.” “Guanghe” is the era name of Liu Hong, Emperor Ling of Han; the second year of Guanghe is the year 179, which is in the same period as Zhang Zhongjing. From this inscription, we know that this weight was part of the standard issued by the central government at that time to unify all weighing devices throughout the country. According to the precise system of unit values and procedures for weight classes in the Qin and Han periods, this copper weight should be a 12-jin weight and its standard mass should be 3000 grams. On this basis, 1 jin in the Eastern Han dynasty was 250 grams and 1 liang was 15.625 grams.

In fact, according to the Yijing ［Book of Changes］, TCM, and Daoist theory, one can also infer that 1 Eastern Han liang converts to 15.625 modern grams. Chapter 25 of Huangdi Neijing ［The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon］, entitled “Treatise on Treasuring ［Heaven’s］ Mandate to Preserve the Body”, states: “Covered by heaven and carried by earth, all beings have their place and none are more noble than humans. Humans are born from the qi of heaven and earth, and mature according to the laws of the 4 seasons ［…］ Indeed, humans are born on earth and their fate relies on heaven. The combined qi of heaven and earth is what is called ‘humankind’.” In TCM and Daoism, it is believed that a person comes to life by receiving the qi of heaven and earth as well as the qi of their parents. The number of qi terms in the circumference of heaven is 360; if one adds to this the number of qi terms of the father (12) and that of the mother (12), then the total number of qi terms for a person is 384, which corresponds to the 384 lines in the 64 hexagrams of Yi Jing. One jin in the Han dynasty is equal to 16 liang, which is equal to 384 zhu. If 1 jin converts to 250 modern grams, then 384 zhu divided by 16 liang equals 24 zhu, so 1 liang is 24 zhu; 250 grams divided by 16 liang equals 15.625 grams. Thus, 1 liang converts to 15.625 modern grams.

7. Small, medium, and large dose conversion algorithms

I believe that the most powerful direct evidence comes from archeological artifacts; therefore, Ke Xuefans calculation performed using the “Guanghe Dasinong Copper Weight”, which found that 1 liang equals 15.625 grams, is reliable. However, given the fact that Xinxiu Bencao mentions that the medicinal scale units used in the Eastern Han period were half those of the conventional scale, half of 15.625 grams is 7.8125 grams, so it is approximately 8 grams.

Volume 1 of Beiji Qianjin Yaofang ［A Thousand Gold Pieces Emergency Formulary］, entitled “Treatises on Medicine”, states: “If the disease is mild, one must use lower doses of medicinals; if the disease is severe, then the dose will be higher.”

As a clinical practitioner of TCM, I value simplicity and practicality. Therefore, regarding the conversion of dosages of classical remedies in Shanghan Zabing Lun and Fu Xing Jue, my recommended principles are as follows: for typical cases of external contraction and miscellaneous internal damage diseases, convert 1 liang in classical remedies to 8 modern grams. For externally contracted heaven-current diseases, i.e., diseases that are highly contagious, epidemic, and deadly, or in cases with critical, acute, or severe symptoms, convert 1 liang in classical remedies to 15 modern grams. One may also use the principle of doubling the dose of the first preparation to stop the progression of the disease and reverse its course. Treat external contraction like an army general; use strong penalties in chaotic situations. This is why it is said that strong doses can treat deep-rooted disease! To regulate the body and mind in conditions of subhealth, small doses are adequate; convert 1 liang in classical remedies to 3 grams to treat internal damage and prolong life.

This 3-level dosage recommendation involves “adjusting the dose according to the disease”. While it does not blindly emphasize large doses, it also does not blindly emphasize minuscule doses. Rather, it emphasizes the reasonable dosage of medicinals. Using the small dose conversion algorithm, 1 liang converts to 3 grams. Using the medium dose conversion algorithm, 1 liang converts to 8 grams. Using the large dose conversion algorithm, 1 liang converts to 15 grams.

8. One sheng is equal to 200 milliliters

Volume 21 of Han Shu, entitled “Treatise on Rhythm and the Calendar”, states: “The ［units of］ volume are the yue, ge, sheng, dou, and hu; they are used to measure amounts. They are based on the cylinder of the yellow bell; its volume was measured by its length, the cylinder was filled with 1200 mid-sized grains of millet, and then well water was added to level it out. ［The volume of this］ cylinder is the ［unit］ ge; ［there are］ 10 ge in a sheng, 10 sheng in a dou, and 10 dou in a hu. These are the 5 Jia units of volume.”

This passage defines the units of volume: there are 2 yue in 1 ge, 10 ge in 1 sheng, 10 sheng in 1 dou, and 10 dou in 1 hu.

The Shanghai Museum houses the “Guanghe Dasinong copper hu ［measuring vessel］” that was unearthed in Huizhou, Hunan province, in 1815. This vessel is made of copper and has a barrel-like shape with a round mouth, straight walls, and a flat bottom. Its mouth and bottom are slightly flared and the walls of its midsection feature symmetrical short, round handles. There are 3 cord marks around its midsection; near the handles there is a small box used for embedding an inspection seal that does not contain any inscription. Two identical inscriptions, each containing a total of 89 Chinese characters, are incised along the rim of the mouth and base: “ Dasinong ［The Major Agricultural Department］ issued an imperial edict in the early morning on the day of the autumnal equinox: to unify measurements, equalize weights, reconcile volumes, and rectify scales, copper measuring scoops, measuring vessels, scales, and rulers have been specially made for all the provinces in accordance with the yellow bell tuning system and the Jiu Zhang Suanshu ［9 Chapters on the Mathematical Art］, in order to equalize differences in length, weight, and size, to be used every day of the week, so that the entire country is unified. Created on the 23rd day of the second month of the second year of Guanghe by Dasinong ［official］ Cao Ling, auxiliary official Chun Yugong, right storehouse official Chuan Zhuyin, and historian Han Hong.” Two Chinese characters that read “Yangan” are inscribed on the wall of the vessel. “Dasinong” was one of the 9 ministers and was in charge of the nations main financial revenues and expenditures, including rent, taxes, money, grain, salt, and iron. In the Eastern Han dynasty, “Yangan” was located in Runan prefecture, Yuzhou. This measuring vessel was created under the supervision of various levels of officials, including Dasinong, an auxiliary official, and a right storehouse official, and was sent to Yangan county for use. Its actual volume is 20400 milliliters, so 1 sheng converts to 204 milliliters.

The National Museum of China houses the “Jianwu Dasinong level hu ［measuring vessel］”. It is barrel-shaped with a height of 24.4 centimeters and the diameter of its mouth is 34.5 centimeters. There are symmetrical short handles on both sides of its midsection. A line of text is inscribed on the outer wall of its midsection: “Dasinong level hu ［measuring vessel］, created in the first month of the 11th year of Jianwu”. “Jianwu” is the era name of Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han; the 11th year of Jianwu is the year 35. The actual volume of the vessel is 19600 milliliters, so 1 sheng converts to 196 milliliters, which is basically the same as the Wang Mang ［or Jia/Xinmang］ measuring system. Above the handles there is a box that protrudes, which was originally used to insert the inspection seal once officials had verified its volume. Surviving inspection seals from the Eastern Han dynasty include the words “leveled according to official law”; “leveled” here refers to the standard volume verified by the official. Thus, a “level hu” is a standard hu.

Other weights and measurement devices issued by the Dasinong that have been found up to now include a copper Dasinong level ge ［measuring vessel］ created in the 3rd year of Yongping (i.e., the year 60) and a copper Dasinong level dou ［measuring ladle］ created in the 3rd year of Yuanchu (i.e., the year 116). Testing of these vessels has found that the volume of 1 sheng is about 200 milliliters. At present, there is no controversy on this point.

【參考文獻】

References

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2. Fuhua Zhu, Zhichun Yang, Ping Fan. Zhongyi zhongyao jiaoyao yanjiu ［Research on Chinese medicinal triads in TCM］. Mingyi mingfang, yanfang zuyao peiwu jiqiao ［Techniques for combining medicinals from famous doctors, famous formulas, and empirical formulas］. Xian: Shaanxi Kexue Jishu Chubanshe ［Shaanxi Science and Technology Publishing House］, 2009

3.衣之鏢.輔行訣五臟用藥法要.藥性探真.北京:學苑出版社,2013

3. Zhibiao Yi. Fu xing jue wu zang yongyao fayao ［Medicinal dosing methods for the 5 viscera in Fu Xing Jue］. Yaoxing tanzhen ［Discovering the truth about medicinal properties］. Beijing: Xueyuan Chubanshe ［Academy Press］, 2013

作者簡介:

韓永剛，中國中醫科學院臨床醫學基礎研究所博士研究生，師從中國工程院王永炎院士和原北京中醫藥大學校長高思華教授。

2009 年赴英國工作至今，現就職於Chelsea Natural Health Clinic和倫惇中醫針灸學院。擔任歐洲中醫五運六氣學會副會長，世界經典中醫學會專家委員會委員，世界中聯方藥量效專業委員會常務理事，世界中聯態靶辨治專業委員會常務理事，世界中醫五運六氣學會聯合會理事，世界華佗醫學研究會教育和學術部長，英國中國聯盟學會學術理事。

出版《醫學傳心錄：名老中醫治療風溼病經驗》、《醫學傳心錄：名老中醫治療糖尿病經驗》、《醫學傳心錄：名老中醫治療腦血管病經驗》、《風溼性疾病診斷治療指南》、《婦產疾病臨床常用中藥指南》等中醫學術著作8部。臨床工作28年，從事內科、婦科、疼痛科疾病的中醫藥治療和康復保健，尤其擅長治療男女不孕不育症，焦慮症、抑鬱症等。

Author information:

Yonggang Han, earned his doctoral degree from the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. He studied under Wang Yongyan, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and Professor Gao Sihua, former president of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. He has worked in the UK since 2009, where he is currently employed at Chelsea Natural Health Clinic and the London Academy of Chinese Acupuncture. He serves as vice-chairman of the EU TCM Wuyunliuqi Association and is a member of the World Classic Chinese Medicine Association Expert Committee. He is also a standing member of the World Federation of Chinese Medical Societies Expert Committee on Prescription-Dose Effects and an executive council member of the World Federation of Chinese Medical Societies Targeted Diagnosis and Treatment Committee. In addition, he is the head of the Education and Academic Department of the Huatuo International Medical Research Association and an academic council member of the Chinese Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine Alliance UK (CAHMA). He has published 8 academic works on TCM, including Records of Medical Minds: Traditional Chinese Medical Treatment for Rheumatism, Records of Medical Minds: Traditional Chinese Medical Treatment for Diabetes, Records of Medical Minds: Traditional Chinese Medical Treatment for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatism, and Guide to the Use of Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Gynecological Diseases. He has 28 years of clinical experience with providing TCM treatment, rehabilitation, and health maintenance in the areas of internal medicine, gynecology, and pain management. He is especially adept at treating male and female infertility, anxiety, and depression.

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