Qigong Exercise Response and Efficacy Evaluation

Chao Chen

Abstract：This article presents an investigative study that collected information on the reactions of qigong practitioners during their practice. It confirms that qigong training can improve the central nervous system, neuroendocrine system, respiratory system, and motor system, resulting in relaxation of the mind and body, increased energy, and a sense of joy and peace. Through the statistical analysis of data, it establishes an evaluation standard of Qigong practice effect for beginners and advanced practitioners.

Keywords：Qigong Practice reactions Efficacy evaluation

Chinese qigong is a kind of qitraining practice with a long history. The practice of qigong is quite broad, and it has had many names such as: ‘sitting in oblivion’, ‘sitting meditation’, ‘meditative absorption’, ‘moving qi’, ‘regulating qi’, and ‘guiding and leading’. It is a shining pearl in the treasure house of Chinese culture and medicine. From a modern perspective, qi is energy, which is usually divided into innate (or congenital) qi and acquired qi. Innate qi comes from the combination of the parents’ genetic material and the universal energy field, such as true qi, primordial qi etc.; acquired qi comes from the natural clear qi of breathing and the essence of water and grain in diet, such as Zongqi (gathering qi), nutritive qi, etc. Qigong is a method of exercising the mental and physical energy of the body. It is related to techniques such as Yoga, Meditation, Mindfulness, and SelfHypnosis. It can play an important role in health care, rehabilitative medicine, and the development of human potential. ‘Qigong practice reaction’ refers to the sensations and phenomena that qigong practitioners experience during or after qigong practice, narrowly defined, it is also called “qi sensation”. This feeling of qi is an individual’s subjective feeling, and this can manifest quite differently from one person to the next. In the received tradition of qigong, qi sensations usually include pain, itching, warmth, coolness, lightness, heaviness, looseness, tightness, numbness, twitching, etc. and are also used as indicators to judge the effectiveness of a student’s Qigong practice. However, different Qigong masters and schools may have different criteria and standards for evaluating these sensations.

Qigong education is an important part of TCM education. How to train qigong students and evaluate the students’ practice level are the responsibility of qigong teachers. Due to the subjectivity and individuality of sensations, it is difficult to conduct objective and precise experimental verification. In this study, basic information on practice reactions was obtained through a survey of practitioners, and the data was processed through statistical analysis. The aim is to establish a more precise standard for evaluating the effectiveness of Qigong practice for students.

General Information

Research objects: 34 qigong students, All Americans.

Gender: 13 males; 21 females.

Age distribution: The participants were from 26-9 years old. 9 participants were under 40 years old, 25 participants were over 40 years old.

Practice background: 24 were beginners; 10 were experienced practitioners.

Research Methods

All students have learned relaxation exercises, foundation building exercises, strengthening exercises, Zhoutian exercises, standing posture exercises, moving exercises, etc., for two months. At the end of the Qigong workshop, a questionnaire was distributed to each participant, to avoid the suggestion effect in advance.

In the questionnaire, 22 kinds of Qigong practice reactions are listed for students to choose: 1. Tension; 2. Relaxation; 3. Soreness; 4. Itching; 5. Lightness; 6. Heaviness; 7. Warmth/Heat sensation; 8. Cool sensation; 9. Numbness; 10. Muscle twitching; 11. Slight sweating; 12. Increased saliva; 13. Enhanced vitality; 14. Increased appetite; 15. Improved sleep; 16. Improved mood; 17. Pleasure; 18. Brightness; 19. Expansion; 20. Contraction; 21. Emptiness; 22. Spontaneous movement.

Each type of sensation was evaluated on a scale of 1 to 3, 1 being mild, 2 moderate, or 3 for a strong sensation. The data was then collected and statistically analyzed.

Result Analysis

一、 All analysis of the practice reactions of the beginning qigong practitioners:

1.More than 70% of practitioners experienced feelings of relaxation, joy, lightness, spontaneous movement, increased saliva, and warmth.

2.50%69% of practitioner’s experienced increased energy, muscle twitching, improved mood, bright light sensation, sweating, heaviness, numbness, tension, improved sleep, hollow sensation, and itching.

3.15%49% of the practitioners experienced sensations such as soreness, coolness, increased appetite, or sensations of expansion or contraction. Among them, more than onethird of the beginners experienced the following strong reactions:

(1) Relaxation: 91.7% (2) Warmth: 44.1% (3) Pleasure: 41.7% (4) Spontaneous movement: 41.7% (5) Lightness: 33.3% (6) Improved sleep: 33.3%.

For detailed analysis, see ［Table 1］:

【Table 1】 Analysis of the Reactions of Beginner Qigong Practitioners during Practice

二、 Comparison of Exercise Reactions between the beginners and Experienced Groups in Qigong

Through the comparison of the practice reactions between the group of beginners and the group of experienced practitioners in Qigong, and statistical analysis, it was found that there were significant differences between the two groups in terms of form, qi, and mind. 〖JP2〗Experienced practitioners had significantly less tension and soreness in their bodies when practicing, their energy was significantly enhanced, and they experienced a strong sense of brightness and improved mood. They also experienced a sense of emptiness, expansion, or contraction in their bodies. A detailed analysis can be found in 【Table 2】: the first row in each item represents the data of the beginner group, the second row represents the data of the experienced group, the third row represents the overall data of the two groups, and the fourth row represents the statistical results.

【Table 2】 The Comparison of the Practice Reactions between the Group of Beginners and the Group of Experienced Practitioners in Qigong

* There is a significant difference in the practice responses between two groups

Qigong belongs to the field of mindbody science. The three essential elements of qigong practice are regulating the mind, regulating the breath, and regulating the body. Through the regulation of posture, breathing and thoughts, the body undergoes a series of changes, resulting in special feelings and phenomena. From the perspective of modern medicine, the following systems play a particularly important role in qigong practice: the central nervous system, neuroendocrine system, neuromuscular system, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and the respiratory system.

The first step in Qigong practice is to relax the body and have no external worries. During Qigong practice, the rhythm of breathing slows down, the cycle becomes longer, the range becomes larger, and the depth of meditation deepens. Practitioners gradually release anxiety and stress, and experience a feeling of relaxation and lightness throughout the body. At the same time, saliva secretion increases, which is due to the upanddown movement of the tongue during breathing exercises stimulating the salivary glands. Additionally, abdominal breathing stimulates gastrointestinal activity, which reflexively stimulates saliva secretion.Relaxation of the body and mind, and increased saliva secretion can indicate that the central nervous system has improved the regulation of the endocrine and muscular systems. The second step is to warm and induce sweating over the whole body or a part of the body. Due to concentration of the mind, deep breathing, and relaxation of the body, peripheral blood vessels dilate, causing an increase in skin temperature. Research has shown that in experienced practitioners, blood flow to the area of concentration can increase by about 30%, and skin temperature can increase by 23 degrees Celsius. The third step is an increase in vitality and muscle twitching. As a result of the improved blood circulation and metabolism, the practitioner will feel relaxed, energetic, with a healthy complexion and shiny skin after the practice. When the vitality and energy increase, practitioners will also experience a brighter sensation throughout their body and surroundings. The fourth step is an improvement in emotions, leading to a state of joy and peace. Qigong exercise brings joy to practitioners and maintains a good mood. The sense of happiness and positive emotions come from the following three aspects: 1) relief of stress caused by body relaxation; 2) a new balance in the central nervous system and the neuroendocrine system; 3) the accumulation and regulation of energy leads to the formation of new order in brain function. Therefore, the initial achievements of Qigong practice can be measured by the following reactions to exercise: (1) feeling relaxed, light, and spontaneous movement; (2) warmth, slight sweating, and increased salivation; (3) increased vitality, muscle twitching, and a sense of brightness; (4) feeling joyful, improved mood, and better sleep.

If the practitioner experiences the above sensations, it indicates that they have achieved the initial effects of practicing Qigong, which involves refining essence to transform into energy, and transforming energy into spirit through adjusting the body, breath, and mind. But how can we tell if a practitioner has reached a higher level of cultivation? According to the data analysis of this study, the following Qigong effects can be used to measure it:

(1) Strong physical and mental relaxation ability and unobstructed Qi circulation

Beginners of Qigong learn and experience a sense of relaxation and ease. However, they still experience body soreness, the feeling of muscle tightness while practicing. However, highlevel practitioners have strong qi and blood and unobstructed veins, so they seldom feel soreness and tightness in their bodies.

(2) Strong ability of converting essence into Qi and intense light sensation

Qigong beginners will also feel increased energy and light body, but these feelings are mild and unstable. Advanced practitioners can feel a strong and stable increase in vitality and a sense of light. These lights may appear as flashing lights in front of their eyes, or lightninglike sensations inside their bodies. Sometimes it feels like a ball of light, shining brightly through the spine into the brain, or a feeling of being immersed in moonlight throughout the body.

(3) Strong emotion regulation ability and happiness and tranquility

Emotion is a relatively longlasting emotional state, usually in two types, positive and negative. Negative emotions include stress, depression, anxiety, and mania, etc. The main experience of qigong beginners when practicing is physical relaxation, pressure relief, and a happy and peaceful mood. But this feeling usually doesn’t last. In the advanced stage, experienced practitioners can improve negative emotions and enter a state of joy and tranquility. Qigong is the kung fu of training the mind and consciousness, and it is a technique for exercising the brain. The functional state of qigong is a special state of meditation in the brain. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have shows that practicing Qigong strengthens the connection between the two hemispheres of the brain; the energy intensity increases significantly; the dominant frequency of EEG decreases from alpha to theta frequency, and shifts from the occipital to the frontal and temporal regions.

(4) Powerful highdimensional meditation ability and harmony between man and nature

The human brain is divided into left brain (left hemisphere) and right brain (right hemisphere). The left brain is the rational brain, in charge of language, writing, analysis, mathematics, logic, reasoning, etc. It converts the senses of the five sense organs into language information for processing and transmission, which is related to conscious consciousness. The right brain is the perceptual brain, in charge of music, rhythm, emotion, drawing, imagination, creation, etc. It controls the autonomic nervous system and cosmic fluctuation resonance, etc., and is related to the subconscious mind. The right brain of ordinary people is controlled and suppressed by the rationality of the left brain, making it difficult to fully utilize its potential. Qigong training strengthens the connection between the left brain and the right brain, and develops the imagination and creativity potential of the right brain. Brain waves and cosmic waves resonate, and practitioners can experience the feeling of “unity between man and nature”. When the real qi is unblocked, the capillaries expand, and every part of the body feels full and swollen, and the practitioner feels that the body has become abnormally tall. When the true qi enters the dantian from the outside, the practitioner will feel that his body is very small. When the real qi circulates to the area of the brain governing space, or the real qi becomes very strong and exceeds the sensory threshold, the practitioner will experience the transparent feeling of “gravitylessness”. These are the results of Qigong exercise to develop the potential of the human body.

Conclusion

The reactions to qigong practice are not mysterious. Even beginners can experience these effects through shortterm training. Of the 22 qigong reactions, over half of qigong practitioners experience feelings of relaxation, joy, lightness, spontaneous movement, increased saliva, and warmth. Other reactions include increased vitality, muscle twitching, improved mood, light perception, sweating, heaviness, numbness, tension, improved sleep, transparency, and itching. Among them, more than onethird of qigong beginners can experience the following strong reactions: relaxation, warmth, joy, spontaneous movement, lightness, improved sleep, muscle twitching, and increased saliva. Based on statistical analysis, the following reactions can be used as standards to evaluate the initial achievements of qigong practice:

1.Physical changes: relaxation, lightness, increased saliva.

2.Qi changes: warmth, muscle twitching, increased vitality.

3.Mental changes: improved mood and sleep.

Higher achievements in qigong practice can be evaluated based on the following reactions:

(1) Extremely relaxed body, without soreness or tension.

(2) Full of energy and vitality, able to perceive strong bright light.

(3) Improved and stable emotional state, feeling joy, peace, and tranquility.

(4) Powerful meditation ability, able to feel the unity of nature and man.

This study confirms that qigong training can indeed reduce stress, decrease anxiety and increase happiness; enhance vitality and immunity; improve sleep and emotions; and enhance imagination and creativity. It can promote human health, happiness and tranquility, and is a traditional technique for developing the potential of the mind and body, as well as a remarkable therapy for health preservation and disease prevention.

Authors:

Chao Chen M.D.，Acupuncturist in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

References

• Zhang Enqin, editorinchief, Chinese Qigong, Shanghai: Shanghai University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine Press, 1988

(2) Xie Huanzhang, The Scientific Basis of Qigong, Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press, 1989

(3) Chen Chao, Neidan Qigong and Human Laser, Qigong Magazine, Zhejiang: Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Magazine, July 1989

(4) Song Tianbin, edited by Liu Yuanliang, Qigong of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing: People’s Health Publishing House, 1994

(5) Chao Chen, EEG changes in Qigong state, New York: Lecture materials of the 4th World Congress of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, 1996

氣功練功反應和功效評估

陳超

摘要：本文通過調查式研究，收集氣功練功者練功反應的信息，證實了氣功訓練能夠改善人體的中樞神經系統，神經內分泌系統，呼吸系統和運動系統等，使人身心放鬆，精力充沛，喜樂安寧。通過對數據的統計學處理，制訂了氣功初習者和練功有素者練功效果的評估標準。

關鍵詞：氣功 練功反應 功效評估

中國氣功是一種練氣的功夫, 具有悠久的歷史, 歷代有靜坐, 坐忘, 坐禪, 禪定, 週天,內丹,行氣,服氣,調氣,導引等名稱, 是中國文化和醫學寶庫中的一顆璀璨的明珠。從現代觀點來看, 氣即是能量, 通常分為先天之氣及後天之氣。先天之氣來自父精母血和宇宙能場，譬如真氣，元氣等；後天之氣來自呼吸的自然清氣和飲食中的水穀精微，譬如宗氣，營氣等等。氣功就是關於鍛練意念能量和生命能量的技術, 與超覺靜坐, 瑜伽, 冥想, 正念，以及自我催眠等技術有一定的關聯, 在人類養生保健, 康復醫療和潛能開發中發揮著重要作用。氣功的練功反應是指氣功練習者在氣功練習中或練習後所經歷的特殊感覺和現象, 狹義上亦稱氣感。而氣感是個體的主觀感受, 不同人身上的氣感表現也不盡相同。在傳統氣功的傳承中, 氣感通常包括痛，癢，溫，涼，輕，重，松，緊，麻，跳等等, 這些 也作為判斷學員練功效果的指標，但各師各派，各門各法, 未有統一的標準。氣功教育是中醫教育的重要組成部分。如何培訓氣功學員，評估學員的練功水平是氣功教師的基本技能和重要職責。由於感覺的主觀性和個體化，難以進行客觀精確的實驗求證, 本研究通過對練功者的問卷調查，獲得關於練功反應的基本信息，數據通過統計學處理, 期望建立一個比較明確的標準來評估學員的練功效果。

一般資料

研究對象：34例氣功學員，均為美國人。

性別：男：13例；女：21例。

年齡分佈：26-59歲。 9例在26-40歲之間； 25 例在 41-60 歲之間。

練功背景：初習者：24例；練功有素者：10例。

研究方法

所有學員均學習了放鬆功，築基功，強壯功，週天功, 站樁功，動功等等，為期兩個月。在氣功研習班結束時，向每位學員發放了一份問卷, 預先避免暗示效應。在問卷中列出了氣功的22種練功反應供學員選擇：1. 緊繃感；2.放鬆感；3.酸痛感；4.瘙癢感；5. 輕盈感；6. 沉重感；7.溫熱感；8.清涼感；9. 麻木感；10.肌肉跳動；11.微微汗出；12.唾液增多；13.活力增強；14. 食慾增加；15.睡眠改善；16.情緒改善；17.愉快感；18.光亮感； 19.膨脹感；20.縮小感；21.空透感；22.自發運動。

每種練功反應按 3 個級別進行評估：1.輕度感受；2.中度感受；3.強烈感受。然後統計數據並進行統計學處理。

結果分析

一、 氣功初習者練功反應的總體分析

1.70%以上的練功者體驗到放鬆，愉快，和輕盈感，自發運動，唾液增多，溫熱感。

2.50%-69%的練功者體驗到活力增加，肌肉跳動，情緒改善, 亮光感, 出汗, 沉重感, 麻木感, 緊繃感，睡眠改善, 空透感, 瘙癢感。

3.15%49%的氣功練習者體驗到酸痛感，清涼感，食慾增加，膨脹感，縮小感。

其中，三分之一以上的氣功初習者能體驗到下列強烈的練功反應：

（1）放鬆感: 91.7%（2）溫熱感:44.1%（3）愉快感:41.7%（4）自發運動:41.7%（5）輕盈感:33.3%（6）睡眠改善:33.3%

詳細分析見【表1】：

【表1】 气功初习者练功反应分析

二、 氣功初習組和練功有素組的練功反應比較

通過對氣功初習組和練功有素組練功反應的比較，並經過統計學處理，發現 練功有素者在形，氣，意三方面與初習組有顯著性差异：練功有素者在練功時身體基本上没有緊綳感, 和酸痛感；精力明顯增强, 光亮感强烈、情緒明顯改善；體驗到身體空透感，膨脹感或縮小感。詳細分析見【表2】：每項第一行是氣功初習組的數據；第二行是練功有素組的數據；第三行是兩組總體數據；第四行是統計學處理結果。

（二） 气功初习组和练功有素组的练功反应比较

通过对气功初习组和练功有素组练功反应的比较，並经过统计学处理，发现 练功有素者在形，气，意三方面与初习组有显著性差异：练功有素者在练功时身体基本上没有紧绷感, 和酸痛感；精力明显增强, 光亮感强烈、情绪明显改善；体验到身体空透感，膨胀感或缩小感。详细分析见【表2】：每项第一行是气功初习组的数据；第二行是练功有素组的数据；第三行是两组总体数据；第四行是统计学处理结果。

【表2】 气功初习组和练功有素组练功反应比较

*两组的练功反应有显著性差异或者非常显著性差异

討論

氣功屬於身心科學。氣功鍛煉的三要素是：調神，調息，調身，通過對姿態，呼吸和意念的調節，使機體發生一系列的變化，從而產生一些特殊的感覺和現象。從現代醫學來看，下列系統在氣功鍛煉中起著特別重要的作用：中樞神經系統，神經內分泌系統，神經肌肉系統，交感和副交感神經系統和呼吸系統。

氣功練習的第一步是身體放鬆，心無外慮。練功時呼吸運動節律變慢，週期變長，幅度變大，入靜程度加深，練功者逐漸釋放出焦慮和壓力，體驗到全身輕鬆和輕盈的感覺。同時唾液分泌增多，這是由於調息時舌的上下起落，刺激了唾液腺的分泌。而腹式呼吸激發了胃腸活動，也反射性地刺激唾液分泌。身心放鬆，唾液增多，表明中樞神經系統改善了對內外分泌系統和肌肉系統的調整作用。第二步是全身或局部溫熱微汗。由於意念集中，呼吸深長，身體放鬆，導致末梢血管擴張，皮膚溫度上升。有研究表明，練功有素者，其意守部位的血流量可增加30%左右，皮膚溫度可提高攝氏23度。第三步是活力增強，肌肉跳動。由於血液循環的增強，新陳代謝的改善，練功後全身輕鬆，精力充沛，面色紅潤，皮膚光澤。當精氣不斷增強時，練功者也會體驗到全身和環境的光亮感。第四步是情緒改善，快樂平和。氣功鍛煉給練習者帶來快樂，並保持良好的情緒。愉快感和良好情緒來自以下三個方面：1）身體放鬆引起的壓力減輕。2）中樞神經系統和神經內分泌系統的新平衡。3）由於能量的積累和調節，大腦功能形成新的秩序。因此，氣功修煉的初步成就可以用以下幾點練功反應來衡量：（1）放鬆感，輕盈感及自發運動。（2）溫熱感，微微汗出，唾液增多。（3）活力增強，肌肉跳動，亮光感。（4）愉快感，情緒好轉，睡眠改善。

如果有以上感受，說明練功者通過調身，調息，調神，初步達到練精化氣，練氣化神的效果。那麼，怎麼知道練功者達到了更高的修煉程度呢？根據本研究的數據分析，可以用以下幾點氣功效應來衡量：

（1）強大的身心放鬆能力和氣機通達

氣功初習者雖然學習和體驗到放鬆和輕鬆感。然而，在練功時，他們仍然經歷身體酸痛, 肌肉緊繃的感覺。而高階修煉者氣血旺盛，脈絡通暢，因此，他們很少有身體的酸痛感和緊繃感。

（2）強大的精氣轉化能力和強烈光感

氣功初習者也會有精力增加、身體輕盈的感覺，但這些感覺是輕度和不穩定的。而高階修煉者能感受到強烈而穩定的元氣增幅和亮光感。這些光可能像眼前閃爍的光，也可能像身體裡的閃電，有時像光球，閃閃發亮地穿過脊柱進入大腦，或者全身浸泡在月光中的感覺等等。

（3）強大的情緒調控能力和幸福安祥

情緒是一種相對持久的情感狀態，通常有積極情緒和消極情緒兩種。消極情緒包括壓力、抑鬱、焦慮和躁狂等。氣功初習者練功時的主要體驗是身體放鬆，壓力減輕，心情愉悅平和。但是這種感覺通常不能持久。而在高級階段，練功有素者可以改善消極情緒，進入喜悅安祥的狀態。氣功是練意練心的功夫，是鍛煉大腦的技術。氣功功能態就是大腦處於特殊的入靜狀態。腦電研究顯示，練氣功加強了大腦兩半球的聯繫；能量強度顯著增加；腦電優勢頻率由alpha 降至 theta頻段，並由枕部向額部顳部轉移。

（4） 強大的高維冥想能力和天人合一

人腦分為左腦（左半球）和右腦（右半球）。左腦是理性腦，主管語言，文字，分析，數學，邏輯，推理等。它把五官的感覺轉化成語言信息來加工傳遞，和顯意識有關。右腦是感性腦，主管音樂，韻律，情感，圖畫，想像，創造等。它控制著自律神經與宇宙波動共振等，和潛意識有關。普通人的右腦受到左腦理性的控制和壓制，很難發揮應有的作用。氣功訓練加強了左腦和右腦的聯繫，開發出右腦的想像力，創造力等潛能。腦電波與宇宙波共振，練功者能夠體驗到“天人合一”的感覺。當真氣暢通，毛細血管擴張，身體各部有充滿和膨脹的感覺，練功者感到身體變得異常高大。當真氣由外入丹田時，練功者會有身體很小的感覺。當真氣循環到大腦主管空間的區域或者真氣變得非常強大且超過感覺閾值 時，練功者會體驗到“無重力”的通透感覺。這些都是氣功鍛煉開發人體潛能的結果。

結論

氣功的練功反應並不神秘。即使初習者也可以通過短期的培訓來體驗到這些功效。在22種氣功反應中，半數以上的氣功練習者體驗到放鬆感，愉快感，輕盈感，自發運動，唾液增加，溫熱感；活力增加，肌肉跳動，情緒改善, 亮光感, 出汗, 沉重感, 麻木感, 緊繃感，睡眠改善, 空透感, 癢感。其中，三分之一以上的氣功初習者能體驗到下列強烈的練功反應：放鬆感， 溫熱感， 愉快感， 自發運動，輕盈感， 睡眠改善，肌肉跳動和唾液增加。數據經過統計學分析，下列練功反應可以作為評估氣功練功初步成就的標準：

1.形的改變：放鬆感，輕盈感，唾液增多。

2.氣的改變：溫熱感，肌肉跳動，活力增強。

3.意的改變：心情愉快和睡眠改善。而氣功修煉的高階成就可以通過以下練功反應作為評估標準：

(1) 身體非常放鬆，基本沒有酸痛緊張感。

(2) 身心精氣充沛，能夠感受到強烈亮光。

(3) 情緒改善穩定，能夠感受到喜樂安祥。

(4) 強大冥想能力，能夠感受到天人合一。

本研究證實了氣功訓練確實能減輕壓力，減少焦慮和增加愉悅；增強生命活力和免疫力；改善睡眠和情緒；提高想像力和創造力，能夠促進人類的健康、幸福與安寧，是一種開發身心潛能的傳統技術，也是一種養生保健，祛病強身的卓越療法。

作者簡介：

陳超 醫學博士，佛羅裡達州勞德代爾堡執業的針灸師。

參考文獻

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(2)謝煥章，氣功的科學基礎，北京: 北京理工大學出版社，1989年

(3)陳超，內丹氣功和人體激光，氣功雜誌，浙江: 浙江中醫雜誌社，1989年7月

(4)宋天彬，劉元亮主編，中醫氣功學，北京：人民衛生出版社，1994年

(5)陳超，氣功態下的腦電變化，紐約: 第四屆世界針灸大會演講資料， 1996年