.
the Translation and Intercultural Communication in the UK（2）
Dr. Amily Guenier
Social relationship metaphor
“Monarch, Minister, Assistant, and Envoy”, images taken from political affairs, are used to name the principles and strategies of composing a prescription; the different organs and their functions were matched with different government officials’ positions:
Suwen·Linglan Secret Code
The heart is the official functioning as ruler.
Spirit brilliance originates in it. The lung is the official functioning as chancellor and mentor.
Order and moderation originate in it. The liver is the official functioning as general.
Planning and deliberation originate in it. The gallbladder is the official functioning as rectifier.
Decisions and judgments originate in it. The dan zhong is the official functioning as minister and envoy.
Joy and happiness originate in it. The spleen and the stomach are the officials responsible for grain storage.
The five flavours ori-ginate from them.
The large intestine is the official functioning as transmitter along the Way.
Changes and transformations originate in it.
The small intestine is the official functioning as recipient of what has been perfected.
The transforma-tion of things originates in it. The kidneys are the official functioning as operator with force.
Technical skills and expertise originate from them. The triple burner is the official functioning as opener of channels.
The paths of water originate in it.
The urinary bladder is the official functioning as regional rectifier.
The body liquids are stored in it.
When the qi is transformed, then ［urine］ can originate ［from there］.
All these twelve officials must not lose ［contact with］ each other.
To explain the function of the internal organs, the five internal organs are vividly compared to the five official positions. Heart is the ruler-emperor, lung as chancellor, liver as general, gallbladder as rectifier; spleen as official for grain storage etc. Take gallbladder as an example, the perceived function, which is unique to the Chinese medicine is that it has the capability and function of making judgements and decisions in the process of mental and psychological activities（Sun & Peng 2010）
e.g., 胆小, gallbladder small, “timid; cowardly”
In this metaphor, gallbladder is the container of courage, the size or capacity of the gallbladder indicate the braveness of a person.
e.g., 心不受邪 this proposition means that under normal circumstances, the ‘heart’ will not be disturbed by any evil spirit, and even if there is evil spirit the ‘heart will be the last to be hurt. Imagine, during a challenging time, normally the emperor is the most protected and get attacked at last. Due to the high power distance nature of the Chinese culture, the metaphor with social relations is easier to be understood by Chinese. As illustrated above, the gallbladder is pictured as the law system, for justice; small intestine as tax system, absorbing the nutrition to nourish the body.
The typical types of metaphors were identified in Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine. Among them, the ontological metaphor, structural metaphor shared common ground with western health communication metaphors. What is unique about TCM metaphor is the social relationship metaphor, which reflects the high hierarchy nature of Chinese culture and society. the prevalence of high power distance make Chinese people understand the abstract concept of health easier with their social life and social relationships.
Analysis of translation and intercultural communication of TCM in the UK
TCM has been well received in the UK context that is evidenced by the popularity of Chinese clinics. However, the cultural differences and language issues with metaphorical expressions are great challenges for the effective communication of TCM in the UK. The effective communication of Chinese medicine depends upon a firm grasp of the concepts that form the basis of clinical practice. Achieving this understanding requires books which are translated from Chinese, or which are written about TCM to use a specific terminology that correctly portrays the meaning of the original Chinese.
Although both transmission of Chinese medicine to the West and dissemination of Western medicine in China started in the Ming dynasty (16th- 17th centuries), it was from the middle of the 19th century, western laboratory research prevailed, and pharmacology became a specialized subject. Since ancient times, the western world has long been concerned by the magical curative effects of TCM, and the study of TCM became the focus of the spread of TCM in Britain during this period. The British bachelor of “Pharmaceutics” and “Pharmaceutical Chemistry” (Read BE, 1887- 1949) translated and disseminated the contents of the Compendium of Materia Medica: translated separately as The Pen Ts’ao Minerals and Stones; Chinese Materia Medica, Animal Drugs; Chinese Materia Medica, Dragon, and Snake Drugs; Chinese Materia Medica, Turtle, and Shellfish Drugs; Chinese Materia Medica, Insect Drugs; and Famine foods listed in the Chiu Huang Pen Ts’ao (Wright, 2000:60).
Nowadays, Chinese medicine and Western medicine actually coexist no matter in China or in the West. In this globalised era, Chinese medicine face many challenges for effective intercultural communication in the UK, given the above metaphors in the TCM language, the cultural background to understand certain metaphor raise concerns from conflicting attitudes, lack of trust in the methodology in TCM. Chinese Medicine views the universe as an organism and man as a microcosm of the universe. Western medicine on the other hand, views the human body as a machine made up of different parts. These different assumptions have produced the divergences between Chinese and Western medicine.
Based on the analysis of TCM metaphors, the health practitioners and educators in the UK could utilise more metaphors that TCM share in common in the West and be more culturally sensitive in the health communication when using the social relation metaphors. Chinese medicine serves as an alternative health treatment, playing a role in serving public health in the UK. The growth and popularity of complementary medicine in the UK is one of the most prominent and influential developments to occur in healthcare. With the quick advanced development of multimodal resources such as TikTok and WeChat moment, various types of new way of communication could be utilized in communicating Chinese medicine to the West. As can be seen, terminological choices, interpretation and simplification can greatly affect what kind of information is available to the public.
Author information:
Dr. Amily Guenier ,anguages and Cultures of Lancaster University U.K [email protected]
References:
Bi, Z., Zheng, Y., Yuan, J., & Bian, Z. (2017). The efficacy and potential mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine on irritable bowel syndrome. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 23(34), 5163-5172.
Bodeker, G., Ong, C.-K., Grundy, C., Burford, G., Shein, K., & Organization, W. H. (2005).
WHO global atlas of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine/CK Ong…［et al.］. In WHO global atlas of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine/CK Ong…［et al.］.
Casarett, D., Pickard, A., Fishman, J. M., Alexander, S. C., Arnold, R. M., Pollak, K. I., & Tulsky, J. A. (2010). Can metaphors and analogies improve communication with seriously ill patients? Journal of palliative medicine, 13(3), 255-260.
Keji, C., & Hao, X. (2003). The integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. European Review, 11(2), 225-235.
Kirklin, D. (2007). Truth telling, autonomy and the role of metaphor. Journal of medical ethics, 33(1), 11-14.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: Univ. Press, Chicago/IL.
Li, J.-H., Wang, R.-Q., Guo, W.-J., & Li, J.-S. (2016). Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of influenza A (H1N1): A meta-analysis. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 79(5), 281-291.
Li, X.-h., Li, S.-j., Xu, Y., Wei, D., Shi, Q.-s., Zhu, Q.-x., …. . Huang, J.-h. (2017). Effect of integrated Chinese and Western medicine therapy on severe hand, foot and mouth disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.Chinese journal of integrative medicine, 23(12), 887-892.
Liu, X., Zhang, M., He, L., & Li, Y. (2012). Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(10).
Maizes, V., Rakel, D., & Niemiec, C. (2009). Integrative medicine and patient-centered care. Explore, 5(5), 277-289.
Ren, J.-l., Zhang, A.-H., & Wang, X.-J. (2020). Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 treatment. Pharmacological research, 155, 104743.
Reisfield, G.M. and Wilson, G.R. (2004) ‘Use of metaphor in the discourse on cancer’, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22: 4024–4027.
Pym, A., & Turk, H. (2001). “Translatability”, in Mona Baker. Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies. Routledge. London and New York.
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. Traditional Chinese medicine in China. 2016. http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2016/12/06/content_281475509333700.htm.
Wang, J., & Zou, W. (2011). Practices, challenges, and opportunities: HIV/AIDS treatment with traditional Chinese medicine in China. Frontiers of medicine, 5(2), 123-126.
Wang, W.-Y., Xie, Y., Zhou, H., & Liu, L. (2021). Contribution of traditional Chinese medicine to the treatment of COVID-19. Phytomedicine, 85, 153279.
Xiang, L., Chen, Z., Wei, S., & Zhou, H. (2022).Global Trade Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicines and China’s Trade Position. Frontiers in Public Health,898.
Xu, J., & Yang, Y. (2009). Traditional Chinese medicine in the Chinese health care system.Health policy, 90(2-3), 133-139.
Xu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Traditional Chinese medicine treatment of COVID-19. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 39, 101165.
Yuan, Q.-l., Guo, T.-m., Liu, L., Sun, F., & Zhang, Y.-g. (2015). Traditional Chinese medicine for neck pain and low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 0(2), e0117146.
引文
1.Bi, Z., Zheng, Y., Yuan, J., & Bian, Z. (2017). 中药对肠易激综合症的疗效及潜在机制. 《药物设计》，23(34), 5163-5172.
2.Bodeker, G., Ong, C.-K., Grundy, C., Burford, G., Shein, K., & Organization, W. H. (2005). 世界卫生组织传统、补充和替代医学全球地图/CK Ong…［et al.］ 《世界卫生组织传统、补充和替代医学全球地图/CK Ong…［et al.］》。
3.Casarett, D., Pickard, A., Fishman, J. M., Alexander, S. C., Arnold, R. M., Pollak, K. I., & Tulsky, J. A. (2010). 隐喻和类比能够改善与重症患者的沟通吗？ 《临终关怀医学杂志》，13(3), 255-260。
4.Keji, C., & Hao, X. (2003). 中西医学的融合. 《欧洲评论》，11(2), 225-235。
5.Kirklin, D. (2007). 说实话，自主权和隐喻的作用. 《医学伦理学杂志》，33(1), 11-14。
6.Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). 我们生活的隐喻. 芝加哥: Univ. Press, Chicago/IL。
7.Li, J.-H., Wang, R.-Q., Guo, W.-J., & Li, J.-S. (2016). 中药治疗流感A (H1N1) 的疗效和安全性：一项荟萃分析. 《中华医学会杂志》，79(5), 281-291。
8.Li, X.-h., Li, S.-j., Xu, Y., Wei, D., Shi, Q.-s., Zhu, Q.-x., … Huang, J.-h. (2017). 综合中西医学治疗重症手足口病的效果：一项前瞻性、随机、对照试验. 《中国集成医学杂志》，23(12), 887-892。
9.Liu, X., Zhang, M., He, L., & Li, Y. (2012). 中药与西药联合治疗严重急性呼吸综合症 (SARS)。《Cochrane系统综述数据库》，(10)。
10.Maizes, V., Rakel, D., & Niemiec, C. (2009). 综合医学与以患者为中心的护理. 《探索》，5(5), 277-289。
11.Ren, J.-l., Zhang, A.-H., & Wang, X.-J. (2020). 新冠肺炎的中药治疗. 《药理学研究》，155, 104743。
12.Reisfield, G.M. and Wilson, G.R. (2004) 癌症讨论中的隐喻使用，《临床肿瘤学杂志》，22: 4024–4027。
13.Pym, A., & Turk, H. (2001). “可翻译性”，摘自Mona Baker. 《翻译学百科全书》。Routledge. 伦敦和纽约。
14.中国国务院新闻办公室. 中国的中医药. 2016.
http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2016/12/06/content_281475509333700.htm.
15.Wang, J., & Zou, W. (2011). 实践，挑战和机会：中国对艾滋病的传统中药治疗. 《医学前沿》，5(2), 123-126。
16.Wang, W.-Y., Xie, Y., Zhou, H., & Liu, L. (2021). 中国传统医学对新冠肺炎治疗的贡献. 《草药学》，85, 153279。
17.Xiang, L., Chen, Z., Wei, S., & Zhou, H. (2022). 中国传统药物的全球贸易格局及中国的贸易地位. 《公共卫生前沿》，898。
18.Xu, J., & Yang, Y. (2009). 中国卫生保健系统中的中医药. 《卫生政策》，90(2-3), 133-139。
19.Xu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2020). 新冠肺炎的中医药治疗. 《临床实践的辅助疗法》，39, 101165。
20.Yuan, Q.-l., Guo, T.-m., Liu, L., Sun, F., & Zhang, Y.-g. (2015). 颈痛和腰痛的中医药物治疗：一项系统评价和荟萃分析。《PloS one》，10(2), e0117146。
中医隐喻在英国传播的生态（2）
Dr. Amily Guenier
接上期雜誌内容……
社會關係隱喻
君、臣、佐、使”，取政事意象，命名方藥的原則和策略；不同的機構及其職能與不同的政府官員職位相符：
《素問·靈蘭秘典論》
心者，君主之官也，神明出焉。
肺者，相傅之官，治節出焉。
肝者，將軍之官，謀慮出焉。
膽者，中正之官，決斷出焉。
膻中者，臣使之官，喜樂出焉。
脾胃者，倉廩之官，五味出焉。
大腸者，傳道之官，變化出焉。
小腸者，受盛之官，化物出焉。
腎者，作強之官，伎巧出焉。
三焦者，決瀆之官，水道出焉。
膀胱者，州都之官，津液藏焉，氣化則能出矣。
所有這些十二位官員不能失去彼此的聯繫。
為了說明五臟六腑的功能，形像地將五臟比喻為五官。心為君王，肺為相，肝為將，膽為正；脾臟則是負責糧食儲存的官員等等。以膽囊為例，根據中醫的獨特概念，它在心智和心理活動過程中具有判斷和決策的能力和功能（Sun & Peng 2010）。
例如“膽小”，膽囊小，意指“膽小怯懦”。在這個隱喻中，膽囊被比喻為勇氣的容器，膽囊的大小或容量反映了一個人的勇敢程度。
例如“心不受邪”這個觀點意味著在正常情況下，“心”不會受到任何邪惡精神的干擾，即使有邪惡存在，“心”也將是最後受到傷害的。可以想像，在充滿挑戰的時刻，通常皇帝是最受保護的，最後才會受到攻擊。由於中國文化具有較高的權力距離特點，因此透過社會關係的隱喻更容易讓中國人理解。如上所述，膽囊被描繪為法律體系，代表正義；小腸則被比喻為稅收系統，吸收營養以滋養身體。
《黃帝內經》中確定了典型的隱喻類型。其中，本體隱喻和結構隱喻與西方健康溝通隱喻有共同之處。中醫隱喻的獨特之處在於社會關係隱喻，反映了中國文化和社會的高度等級性質。高權力距離的普遍存在使得中國人更容易透過他們的社交生活和社會關係來理解健康這個抽象概念。
英國中醫翻譯與跨文化傳播分析
在英國，中醫藥受到了熱烈的歡迎，這可以透過中醫診所的流行來證明。然而，文化差異和隱喻表達的語言問題是英國有效傳播中醫的巨大挑戰。中醫的有效傳播依賴於對構成臨床實踐基礎的概念有強大的掌握，要實現這種理解，需要從中文翻譯而來的書籍，或者有關中醫的書籍，必須使用正確描述中文原文含義的特定術語。
儘管中國醫學傳入西方和西方醫學在中國的傳播都始於明朝（16世紀-17世紀），但從19世紀中期開始，西方的實驗室研究佔據主導地位，藥理學成為一個專門學科。自古以來，西方世界一直對中醫的神奇療效感興趣，而在這個時期，中醫的研究成為中醫在英國傳播的焦點。英國的“製藥學”與“藥物化學”學士（Read BE, 1887-1949）〖JP2〗翻譯並傳播了《本草綱目》的內容：分別翻譯為《本草礦物與石藥》、《中藥動物藥物》、《中藥龍蛇藥物》、《中藥龜甲貝類藥物》、《中藥昆蟲藥物》以及《秋黃本草》中所列的飢荒食品（Wright, 2000:60）。
如今，無論是在中國還是在西方，中西醫學實際上是共存的。在這個全球化時代，中醫面臨許多挑戰，以在英國進行有效的跨文化交流。鑑於中醫語言中的上述隱喻，文化背景對於理解某些隱喻提出了擔憂，因為存在與中醫方法的衝突態度以及對其方法的不信任。中醫將宇宙視為一個有機體，將人視為宇宙的微觀體現。另一方面，西方醫學將人體視為由不同部位組成的機器。這些不同的假設導致了中西醫學之間的分歧。
根據對中醫隱喻的分析，英國的衛生從業者和教育者可以利用更多中西醫共有的隱喻，並在使用社會關係隱喻時更加具有文化敏感性的衛生溝通。中醫作為一種替代健康治療方法，在英國的公共衛生中發揮作用。英國替代醫學的成長和流行是衛生保健領域最顯著和有影響力的發展之一。隨著TikTok和微信朋友圈等多种資源的快速發展，可以利用各種新的溝通方式來傳播中醫至西方。正如我們所看到的，術語選擇、解釋和簡化可以極大地影響公眾可以獲得什麼樣的資訊。
全文完
作者簡介：
Dr. Amily Guenier ， Languages and Cultures of Lancaster University U.K [email protected]
參考文獻
Bi, Z., Zheng, Y., Yuan, J., & Bian, Z. (2017). The efficacy and potential mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine on irritable bowel syndrome. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 23(34), 5163-5172.
Bodeker, G., Ong, C.-K., Grundy, C., Burford, G., Shein, K., & Organization, W. H. (2005).
WHO global atlas of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine/CK Ong…［et al.］. In WHO global atlas of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine/CK Ong…［et al.］.
Casarett, D., Pickard, A., Fishman, J. M., Alexander, S. C., Arnold, R. M., Pollak, K. I., & Tulsky, J. A. (2010). Can metaphors and analogies improve communication with seriously ill patients? Journal of palliative medicine, 13(3), 255-260.
Keji, C., & Hao, X. (2003). The integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. European Review, 11(2), 225-235.
Kirklin, D. (2007). Truth telling, autonomy and the role of metaphor. Journal of medical ethics, 33(1), 11-14.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: Univ. Press, Chicago/IL.
Li, J.-H., Wang, R.-Q., Guo, W.-J., & Li, J.-S. (2016). Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of influenza A (H1N1): A meta-analysis. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 79(5), 281-291.
Li, X.-h., Li, S.-j., Xu, Y., Wei, D., Shi, Q.-s., Zhu, Q.-x., …. . Huang, J.-h. (2017). Effect of integrated Chinese and Western medicine therapy on severe hand, foot and mouth disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.Chinese journal of integrative medicine, 23(12), 887-892.
Liu, X., Zhang, M., He, L., & Li, Y. (2012). Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(10).
Maizes, V., Rakel, D., & Niemiec, C. (2009). Integrative medicine and patient-centered care. Explore, 5(5), 277-289.
Ren, J.-l., Zhang, A.-H., & Wang, X.-J. (2020). Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 treatment. Pharmacological research, 155, 104743.
Reisfield, G.M. and Wilson, G.R. (2004) ‘Use of metaphor in the discourse on cancer’, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22: 4024–4027.
Pym, A., & Turk, H. (2001). “Translatability”, in Mona Baker. Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies. Routledge. London and New York.
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. Traditional Chinese medicine in China. 2016. http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2016/12/06/content_281475509333700.htm.
Wang, J., & Zou, W. (2011). Practices, challenges, and opportunities: HIV/AIDS treatment with traditional Chinese medicine in China. Frontiers of medicine, 5(2), 123-126.
Wang, W.-Y., Xie, Y., Zhou, H., & Liu, L. (2021). Contribution of traditional Chinese medicine to the treatment of COVID-19. Phytomedicine, 85, 153279.
Xiang, L., Chen, Z., Wei, S., & Zhou, H. (2022).Global Trade Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicines and China’s Trade Position. Frontiers in Public Health,898.
Xu, J., & Yang, Y. (2009). Traditional Chinese medicine in the Chinese health care system.Health policy, 90(2-3), 133-139.
Xu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Traditional Chinese medicine treatment of COVID-19. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 39, 101165.
Yuan, Q.-l., Guo, T.-m., Liu, L., Sun, F., & Zhang, Y.-g. (2015). Traditional Chinese medicine for neck pain and low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 0(2), e0117146.
引文
1.Bi, Z., Zheng, Y., Yuan, J., & Bian, Z. (2017). 中药对肠易激综合症的疗效及潜在机制. 《药物设计》，23(34), 5163-5172.
2.Bodeker, G., Ong, C.-K., Grundy, C., Burford, G., Shein, K., & Organization, W. H. (2005). 世界卫生组织传统、补充和替代医学全球地图/CK Ong…［et al.］ 《世界卫生组织传统、补充和替代医学全球地图/CK Ong…［et al.］》。
3.Casarett, D., Pickard, A., Fishman, J. M., Alexander, S. C., Arnold, R. M., Pollak, K. I., & Tulsky, J. A. (2010). 隐喻和类比能够改善与重症患者的沟通吗？ 《临终关怀医学杂志》，13(3), 255-260。
4.Keji, C., & Hao, X. (2003). 中西医学的融合. 《欧洲评论》，11(2), 225-235。
5.Kirklin, D. (2007). 说实话，自主权和隐喻的作用. 《医学伦理学杂志》，33(1), 11-14。
6.Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). 我们生活的隐喻. 芝加哥: Univ. Press, Chicago/IL。
7.Li, J.-H., Wang, R.-Q., Guo, W.-J., & Li, J.-S. (2016). 中药治疗流感A (H1N1) 的疗效和安全性：一项荟萃分析. 《中华医学会杂志》，79(5), 281-291。
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