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HongWei Lling Peng Liu
Abstract: Dr. Shi Yi-Ren (1896-1966) was a renowned Chinese medical doctor and educator. He actively advocated for the modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). During Dr. Shi Yi Ren’s tenure, he published many TCM textbooks and magazines that are still widely used today. When critics questioned the legitimacy of Chinese medical practices, Dr. Shi vehemently defended his position on Chinese Medicine. He participated in the founding of Central Medical Hospital in Nanjing. Dr. Shi spent over 50 years practicing TCM in many cities including Zhenjiang, Shanghai, Taiyuan, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, Kunming, Beijing and Yinchuan etc. Dr. Shi dedicated his life educating future TCM talents through his multidisciplinary approach. He leaves behind a great legacy as one of the earliest educators of Chinese Medicine.
Keywords: Dr. Shi Yi-Ren； TCM Educator； Establishing School and Publication； Writing Textbooks； Educational Rights and Interests
Shi Yiren (1896-1966), whose courtesy name was Yiren, was also nicknamed Yishanren and Zhebei Sou. Originally from Wuxi, Jiangsu, he was born in Yizheng, Jiangsu in the 22nd year of Guangxu’s reign in the Qing Dynasty. In the early years of the Republic of China, his family moved to Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. He was a famous modern Chinese medicine scientist, educator, theorist, clinician, reformer, and member of the China Democratic League. He was also an advocate for the scientific advancement of Chinese medicine in modern Chinese medical history.
In his youth, Shi Yiren had a Confucian education and achieved self-study success. In 1912, he became a disciple of the renowned local physician Wang Yungong. In 1916, he started his own medical practice. In 1928, he founded the Jiangzuo Traditional Chinese Medicine Training Institute in Shanghai and was appointed professor of ancient and modern epidemic diseases at Shanghai School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and China Medical College. In 1929, he went to Taiyuan to serve as the executive director of Shanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Improvement Research Association and presided over daily work. He also taught at Sichuan Zhi Medical College, also served as the chief editor of “Shanxi Medicine” magazine. Beginning in 1931, he served as the first executive director of the Central Traditional Chinese Medicine Center, a full-time member of the Academic Organizing Committee, a member of the Teaching Materials Compilation and Review Committee, director of the Promotion Office, chief secretary, and acting director. In 1939, he served as professor and provost at Shanghai Chinese Medical College, Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and other schools. In 1940, he founded the Revival School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Revival Chinese Medicine Society, and hosted the magazine “Revival Traditional Chinese Medicine”. In 1948, he founded the Capital Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Chinese Medicine Specialty Department of the Central Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Nanjing. After 1949, he taught at the Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medicine Training School and the Senior Teacher Class of Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine School (the predecessor of Nanjing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine). In 1955, he was appointed as the director of the first Department of Internal Medicine at the Research Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Xiyuan Hospital) by the Ministry of Health and served as the main lecturer for the “Western Medicine into Chinese Medicine” class. In 1961, he served as director of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Ningxia Autonomous Region Hospital, vice chairman of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Medical and Health Association, and vice president of the Ningxia Branch of the Chinese Medical Association.［1］［2］During the period of the Republic of China, due to social unrest, national crises, and gradual westernization, the field of Chinese medicine faced many difficulties. Moreover, with the “Abolition of Chinese Medicine” policy, Chinese medicine education was excluded from the national education system, elevating the issue of the survival of Chinese medicine to a cultural and political level. In response, Mr. Shi Yiren actively explored and fought to preserve and develop the field of Chinese medicine. The three pursuits of establishing Chinese medicine schools, setting up academic societies, and disseminating Chinese medicine academic journals have always been regarded as the “three great treasures” for the revitalization and development of Chinese medicine in modern Chinese medicine circles. This is also one of Mr. Shi Yiren’s outstanding contributions to the spread of Chinese medicine education throughout his life.
Founding a school
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has traditionally relied on apprenticeship and familial transmission as the primary modes of education, but the establishment of schools represents a modern approach to TCM education. Despite the increasing number of TCM schools established in the early 20th century, there were still many challenges in terms of specific methods and practices. Mr. Shi Yiren had been engaged in TCM education for decades, from the founding of the Jiangzuo Traditional Chinese Medicine Training Center in Shanghai in 1928 to the “Western Medicine into Chinese Medicine Class” in the 1950s and 1960s. During this period, he actively participated in various activities related to TCM preservation, education, and clinical practice. With a strong desire to inherit and organize TCM knowledge, Mr Shi Yiren made numerous attempts and innovations.
In 1928, Shi Yiren, then 32 years old, he went to Shanghai alone to establish the “Jiangzuo Traditional Chinese Medicine Training Institute”. In fact, as early as 1926, he proposed the establishment of the Jiangzuo Traditional Chinese Medicine Training Center: “Reorganize old learning and introduce new knowledge. Study traditional Chinese medicine and exchange knowledge. Confirm authenticity and popularize education.”［3］He was also appointed as a lecturer at Shanghai School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and China Medical College, specializing in the teaching of ancient and modern epidemic diseases and febrile diseases. In addition to teaching and treating patients, he wrote medical papers, which were published in medical journals such as “San San Medical Report” in Hangzhou, “Medical and Health News” in Shaoxing, “Health Bulletin” in Yuyao, and “Medical and Health News” in Nanjing. From then on, Shi Yiren embarked on a career of inheriting and teaching TCM, as well as discovering new TCM theories.［1］［2］
In 1929, when Shi Yiren was chair of the Research Association for the Improvement of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shanxi, he concurrently served as a professor at Shanxi Chuanzhi Medical College, giving lectures on “Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine” and “Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine”.［4］After returning to Shanghai in 1939, Mr. Shi Yiren served as professor and dean at China Medical College, New China Medical College, Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and other schools.
In January 1940, Shi Yiren, along with Shi Jinmo, Zhang Zanchen, Yu Shenchu, and others, founded the Revival School of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shanghai. He believed that the revival of traditional Chinese medicine must be based on the revival of TCM education and proposed the following teaching principles: 1. Discover the essence of ancient medical knowledge. 2. Integrate Western medical knowledge and utilize medical instruments. 3. Promote the use of domestic medicinal materials. 4. Collect folk effective prescriptions and secret formulas. 5. Incorporate knowledge and experience from various schools of thought, ancient and modern, domestic and foreign. 6. Promote medical ethics. 7. Advocate for public health.［5］This philosophical approach was also reflected in the teaching methods he advocated. In his essay “Methods for Students to Study Medical Books”, he emphasized the differences between Western and Chinese medicine: “Western medicine emphasizes the lesion, focusing on the primary disease, while Chinese medicine emphasizes the overall condition, focusing on the combination of symptoms. Western medicine focuses on the lesion, while Chinese medicine focuses on the condition. Both should be studied together.”［6］Shi Yiren was able to articulate the distinctions between Western and Chinese medicine in his teaching, enabling students to grasp the different focal points of their studies. The curriculum was divided equally between Western and Chinese medicine, with lectures delivered by renowned physicians such as Shi Yiren, Zhang Zanchen, Jiang Chunhua, Yu Shenchu, Cheng Menxue, Chen Cunren, and You Xuezhou. Furthermore, this school was the first to implement a curriculum officially recognized by the Ministry of Education, which held significant importance in the history of TCM education and was one of the important achievements in the development of the TCM discipline. In the same year, Shi Yiren also founded the Shi Yiren National Medical Research Office, offering correspondence education and featuring lectures on traditional Chinese medicine. The program had a duration of 2 years and accepted distant disciples.［7］
On the eve of liberation in 1949, Shi Yiren founded the Chinese Medicine Specialty Department in the Central Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine to train students to focus on theory and closely integrate clinical practice. After liberation, the school was taken over by the Nanjing Municipal Health Bureau, and later incorporated into the advanced teacher training class of the Jiangsu Provincial School of Traditional Chinese Medicine (the predecessor of Nanjing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine). Mr. Shi Yiren is known as one of the “Eight Elders of Southern Traditional Chinese Medicine.” This school is the earliest Chinese medicine school with the nature of higher education in traditional Chinese medicine and registered by the government.［8］He was entrusted by the school to train several senior Chinese medicine teacher classes. The students are now famous Chinese medicine experts in China. According to the latest statistical report: Among the first 30 masters of traditional Chinese medicine, 20 masters such as Wang Yuchuan, Wang Mianzhi, Cheng Xinnong, Yan Zhenghua, and Zhou Zhongying all graduated from the advanced teacher training class.
On December 19, 1955, the day when the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Health was officially established, the first nationwide class for Western medical professionals to learn traditional Chinese medicine (commonly known as the “Western Medicine into Chinese Medicine” class) was also inaugurated by the Ministry of Health. Shi Yiren was one of the main lecturers, teaching the “Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon”. The first class of the “Western Medicine into Chinese Medicine” class sparked a nationwide trend of Western medicine professionals learning traditional Chinese medicine, marking the beginning of the integration of Western medicine into Chinese medicine. Starting from 1956, various forms of “Western Medicine into Chinese Medicine” classes were successively held in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Nanchang, Shenyang, Yinchuan, and other places. By 1959, this movement had developed into a massive nationwide mass campaign, lasting for nearly a decade.［9］
In the early 1960s, despite his old age, frail health, and various illnesses, Shi Yiren responded to the national call and went to Ningxia to support frontier construction. He established a “Western Medicine into Chinese Medicine” class in Yinchuan, pioneering both TCM education and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine in Ningxia.［2］
Writing a book and establishing a theory
Mr. Shi Yiren enjoyed writing and was good at editing. Throughout his life, he immersed himself in extensive reading, devoted himself to research and writing, and developed his own systematic approach. He was one of the most prolific scholars of traditional Chinese medicine of the contemporary era.
His representative books include: “Shi’s Inner Canon Studies”, “Lecture Notes on Physiology”, “Lecture Notes on Jingui ”, “Shi’s Diagnosis”, “Simple Tips for Clinical Symptoms” , “Lecture Notes on Pharmacology”, “Lecture Notes on Chinese Prescriptions”, “Chinese Seasonal Diseases” “Encyclopedia of Febrile Diseases”, “Chinese Acute Infectious Diseases”, “Cholera”, “Chinese Gynecology”, “Shishi’s Measles”, “Chinese Internal Medicine”, “Chinese Epidemiology”, “Chinese Materia Medica”, “Shishi’s Pathology” , “Traditional Chinese Medicine for Typhoid and Febrile Diseases”,“Essentials of Treating Febrile Diseases from External Pathogens”, “Shi’s Prescription Studies”, “Practical Handbook of Internal Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine”, “Practical Experience in Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions”, “Chinese Infectious Disease Prevention Law” , “Essentials of Selected Prescriptions”, “Essences of Selected Medical Cases”, “Review and Collection of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions”, “Shi Yiren Medical Records”, “Diagnosis of Internal Medicine Diseases in China”, “Medicine Medication Regulations”, “Shi Yiren Medical Essays”［3］, etc. In total, he composed more than 30 works. These works cover basic theory as well as typhoid fever, febrile diseases, prescriptions, internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, infectious diseases and other specialty disciplines. Many works were printed numerous times and sold throughout the country. Booksellers in Hong Kong and Taiwan have also reprinted his work in large quantities and disseminated them to Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Japan, South Korea, and the United States.
“Chinese Seasonal Diseases” was published in 1930. In this book, he broke through the existing stereotypes of exogenous febrile diseases of previous generations of doctors, integrated the non-infectious disease syndromes of typhoid fever and febrile diseases, and put forward a new proposition of “seasonal disease”. He believes that “typhoid fever and febrile disease are diseases of the same nature, differing only in whether they are purely caused by wind-cold or accompanied by hidden heat. There is no need for contention between the two. This is one of them. The disease progression in the early and middle stages does not go beyond the scope of the three yang meridians. In the final stage, there are symptoms of the three yin meridians. Typhoid fever and febrile diseases are nothing better than this, and this is the second one. Febrile disease is a cold disease with latent heat. If symptoms of the lung system are found, it is a febrile disease of the lung system. If a disease of the stomach system is found, then it is a febrile disease of the stomach system. As mentioned above, symptoms of the lung system are often found in the early stage. If treatment is either not performed or performed poorly, stomach system symptoms will be discovered later. This is a battle between the lung and the stomach. In terms of pathogenesis, it is only a matter of sequence. This is the third one. Ancient doctors often considered febrile diseases as new infections with their own underlying evils, or they suspect that febrile diseases involve both dormant evils and new infections due to the influence of the four seasons and six qi. The same thing, there is no need to limit it to typhoid and febrile diseases, these are the four.” After the book was written, the medical community had a strong response, and it was reprinted nine times, bringing a breath of fresh air into the modern medical theory of seasonal diseases.
The book “Traditional Chinese Medicine for Typhoid and Febrile Diseases” eliminates the distinction between typhoid fever and febrile diseases by integrating typhoid fever into the category of febrile diseases. He said in his preface: “In reality, doctors take treating diseases as their duty. In spring, there is spring temperature and wind temperature; in summer, there is heat and humidity; in autumn, there is latent heat and dryness; in winter, there is winter temperature and typhoid fever. In the four seasons, The treatments and prescriptions for common cold symptoms are different, so it is necessary to collect and organize them. In 1929, I drafted the style of seasonal medicine, studied the opinions of various schools, compromised the experiences of various schools, and described various symptoms. 〖JP2〗The principles of occurrence, symptoms, treatment methods, prescriptions, etc. It may be said that cold symptoms are minor ailments, and there is no need to cite extensive evidence. I don’t know that in the past, doctors had disputes over typhoid fever and febrile diseases, with different opinions and endless arguments. 〖JP3〗Scholars of later generations will be at a loss as to what to do. If they do not distinguish in detail, the disputes will never be resolved.” This discussion by Shi Yiren has shed light on the disputes between the “Jingfang Sect” and the “Shifang Sect” over the years. He made a fair comment on the controversy and was praised by Mr. Zhang Shanlei, a famous modern doctor. At that time, Guo Shoutian, the academic director of the Nanjing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and a famous theorist of traditional Chinese medicine, also highly praised the book and believed that it was an improvement and development of Wu Youke’s “On Plague” in the Ming Dynasty.［1］
From 1929 to 1937, with the strong support of the Shanxi Provincial Government, the Traditional Chinese Medicine Improvement Research Society collected traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and verified their effectiveness nationwide. As the main person in charge of reviewing and editing, Shi Yiren had successively edited and published 6 volumes of “Review and Collection of Prescriptions”, which contains more than 6,000 prescriptions, including many secret folk recipes and effective prescriptions by famous people. It is rich in content, not to mention convenient, safe and applicable. This book is a compilation of national prescriptions during the Republic of China, and is the first official compilation of prescriptions in modern China.［10］
“Chinese Materia Medica” was published in 1953. It is a one-volume book with two parts: upper and lower. The upper part is a general introduction, divided into nine chapters. It discusses the origin and evolution of traditional Chinese medicine, the origin of the name of traditional Chinese medicine, the nature, smell, usage and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine and other basic knowledge. The lower part is divided into monographs, each with eleven chapters, containing more than 500 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines (including more than 100 kinds of supplementary medicines), describing the origin, medicinal parts, nature, flavor, shape, composition, pharmacology, efficacy, and medical applications of each medicine, as well as dosage, prescription coordination, contraindications, etc. There is a also stroke index of drug names at the end of the book. This book is rich in content, well-organized, suitable for both simplified and complex forms, and relevant to clinical practice. It is an important reference book for the study of traditional Chinese medicine.［11］“
Chinese Pediatric Medicine” was published in 1954. This book is a monograph on pediatric diseases of traditional Chinese medicine. It is comprehensively written based on the physiological and pathological characteristics of children and common diseases at each stage. The whole book is also divided into two parts: upper and lower. The upper section, titled “General Overview,” comprises six chapters covering the origins of pediatrics, physiological characteristics of children, pediatric nutrition, neonatal care, characteristics of pediatric diseases, and diagnostic essentials. The lower section, titled “Specific Discussions,” consists of five chapters covering neonatal diseases, special conditions, major infectious diseases, internal diseases, and surgical diseases. Each chapter focuses on common diseases. Mr. Shi Yiren also incorporated his previously published “Shi’s Smallpox Studies” into this book. In the book, the four major pediatric diseases of fright, wasting, paralysis, and smallpox are detailed with their respective causes, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, differential diagnoses, prognosis, treatment methods, and prescriptions. After each disease, the main prescription was attached, and where additions and subtractions were necessary, additional methods of addition and subtraction were also attached. Regarding the use of prescriptions and medicines, Shi Yiren specifically mentioned that “everyone’s body constitution, temperament, local customs, habits, and concurrent symptoms and complications of diseases are different. It is impossible to stick to one prescription to cope with the endless changes. It must be caused by the disease.” Adjust to the conditions and add or subtract at any time to achieve a perfect match.
Establishment of Societies and Publications
In the face of long-term hardships, Shi Yiren realized that the development of traditional Chinese medicine cannot proceed without its own platforms for dissemination. Therefore, he actively founded journals, magazines, and societies, even in the extremely difficult circumstances of the time, as he stated, “Only those who fear stagnation establish societies, delve into scholarly research, and seek progress.”［12］
In June 1928, Shi Yiren, along with Yang Zhiyi, Zhu Zhensheng, Shen Zhonggui, Zhang Shoufu, and others, founded the “Happiness Weekly” in Shanghai. Its purpose was to “introduce sanitary methods and guide the path to health.” They invited ten renowned physicians from Shanghai to contribute articles on a rotating basis, making it one of China’s earliest popular science publications on medicine.［13］In 1929, Shi Yiren, along with Ding Jiwang, Zhao Gongshang, Zhu Zhensheng, and others, founded the “Health Bulletin.”［14］Additionally, Shi Yiren served as a contributing writer for magazines such as “Medical Times,” “Chinese Medicine World,” “San San Medical Bulletin,” “Shenzhou National Medical Journal,” “Xinglin Medical Monthly,” “Suzhou National Medical Journal,” “Pillar of National Medicine,” and “Chinese Medicine Monthly.” He also served as a director of the “Chinese Acupuncture Research Society” founded by President Chen Dan’an, and as the chief editor of the “National Medicine Truth-Seeking Monthly.”
During his tenure as Executive Director of the Shanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Improvement Research Association in 1929, Shi Yiren served as the chief editor of the Shanxi Medical Journal for more than 10 years. This journal, with a long publication history during the Republic of China period, had a significant impact. Its content was described as “comprehensively resourced, rigorous in selection, and focused on practicality rather than empty talk.” It mainly covered academic discussions, the scientification of traditional Chinese medicine, basic research, studies on contemporary diseases, medical affairs summaries, solicitation and selection of manuscripts, and questions and answers on medicine and health. Supported by the Shanxi government, it was hailed as “the only constructive medical journal in northern China” and “the most practical medical journal in northern China’s traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy community.” It attracted numerous renowned traditional Chinese medicine experts from across the country, who contributed high-quality academic works. Apart from serializing studies like “Research on Plague” and “Pathology” in the Medical Journal, Shi Yiren also authored more than 70 articles covering various fields such as internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology, miscellaneous diseases, pathology, and pharmacology. His contributions had a significantly positive impact on the development of traditional Chinese medicine and the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine, possessing high academic, reference, and historical values.［15］
In January 1940, Shi Yiren also founded the Renaissance Traditional Chinese Medicine Society in Shanghai and served as its president, hosting the “Renaissance Traditional Chinese Medicine” magazine. Using “Renaissance Traditional Chinese Medicine” as a platform, Shi Yiren promoted his ideas for improving traditional Chinese medicine academia and education. Through the practical implementation of Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Specialized School and Renaissance Traditional Chinese Medicine Specialized School, he experimented with standardizing traditional Chinese medicine education, standardizing textbook compilation, professionalizing faculty appointments, and regularizing clinical teaching.［16］During this period, he repeatedly emphasized the necessity of reforming traditional Chinese medicine, opposing the notion of “discarding medicine to save drugs” and advocating against deviating from the essence of traditional Chinese medicine. He focused on traditional Chinese medicine education and proposed the “Five Transformations” of revitalizing traditional Chinese medicine, including the systematization and scientification of theories, concentration and experimenting of experiences, pharmacology and physiology, mechanization and actualization of diagnosis and treatment, and socialization and politicization of prevention. His ideas for revitalizing traditional Chinese medicine reform could provide insights for formulating contemporary medical policies in China and are worth considering in the deepening reform of traditional Chinese medicine.［17］
From this perspective, the academic organizations and publications he established facilitated the development of traditional Chinese medicine and set an example for the reform of traditional Chinese medicine education.
Reconstruction of Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory
Shi Yiren recognized that traditional Chinese medicine was gradually lacking in theoretical innovation, relying solely on practical techniques. Moreover, with the influence of Western ideas increasing and the tide of scientific reform surging, the need for change became urgent and compelling. Those with insight understood that survival depended on improvement. Therefore, Shi Yiren repeatedly emphasized the importance of “focusing on the organization of academic knowledge,” especially in restructuring the theoretical framework of traditional Chinese medicine. Guided by this idea, Shi Yiren independently compiled a series of systematic lectures on traditional Chinese medicine during his time as an educator. These included works such as “Shi’s Internal Classics Studies,”“Lectures on the Golden Chamber,” “Lectures on Physiology,” “Shi’s Pathology,” “Shi’s Diagnostic Studies,” “Lectures on Pharmacology,” “Lectures on Chinese Prescription Formulas,” “Studies on Acute Infectious Diseases in China,” “Studies on Internal Medicine in China,” “Studies on Gynecology in China,” and “Studies on Pediatrics in China.” This initiative represented a significant innovation in the history of traditional Chinese medicine development.
The book “Shi’s Neijing Xue” represents Shi Yiren’s in-depth interpretation and research on the “Inner Canon.” It primarily consists of his lectures given at the Chinese Medicine Specialized School, compiled and edited over a period of more than twenty years. Shi Yiren meticulously analyzed the original text of the “Inner Canon”, elucidating its meaning and providing explanations. He also incorporates relevant annotations from Western medical theories to some extent, elucidating the scientific significance and principles implied in the text. This approach combines traditional methods of textual interpretation with insights from Western medicine, revealing a diverse approach to the study of the “Inner Canon” and making significant advancements in understanding its theoretical content. 〖JP〗
The book contains many of the author’s insights and occupies a place in the history of modern academic research on the “Inner Canon.”［18］
“Lecture Notes on Chinese Prescriptions” was compiled and published in 1929 at Shanxi Chuanzhi Medical College. Shi Yiren pointed out that “prescription scholars are the students who combine a variety of different medicinal flavors to formulate prescriptions in order to eliminate diseases and restore the health of the body.” According to the “National Joint Catalog of Traditional Chinese Medicine Books”, this book is China’s second prescription textbook. In the book, prescriptions are classified into eight methods: inducing sweating, inducing vomiting, promoting bowel movements, resolving stagnation, cooling, warming, eliminating dampness, and nourishing. Under each category, there are further subdivisions based on treatment methods.
The general idea of the compilation is stated as follows: “The sequence of this book is based on methods, focusing on the eight methods with detailed descriptions of variations. For example, under inducing sweating, there are differentiations such as mildly cooling, mildly warming, regulating qi, harmonizing the middle, nourishing blood, nourishing yin, assisting yang, and warming the lower. Under inducing vomiting, there are differentiations such as aromatic and salty, mild and strong, heat-clearing, stagnation-breaking, phlegm-resolving, and dampness-expelling, each listed in detail. The book contains a total of 111 prescriptions. The preface of the book includes discussions on “Research on Ancient Prescriptions,” “Comparison of Treatments in Treatise on Cold Damage and Golden Chamber and Tang-Song Prescriptions,”“Brief Overview of the Evolution of Post-Generational Prescriptions,” “Transmission of Post-Generational Prescription Books,” “Essence of Seven Prescriptions and Ten Treatments,” and “Research on the Quantities of Ancient Prescriptions,” with a focus on comparing Chinese and Western prescriptions. He also emphasized: “TCM prescriptions are different from Western medical prescriptions. Traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions focus on adding or subtracting medicinal flavors to suit the condition, while Western medicine prescriptions focus on the inherent functions of simple medicines.”
In addition, Shi Yiren also used Western medicine theory to analyze the medicines in Fang Jie The function and mechanism of action of the prescription. This idea of incorporating Western medicine knowledge into prescriptions was also followed by some later textbooks. The main features of this textbook is not only the deepening of the understanding of prescription medicine, but also the exploration of integrating Chinese and Western theories.［19］
“Shi’s Diagnostic Medicine” was originally written in 1919, then reorganized and published in 1949 while he was in charge of the Chinese Medical Specialization Program. This book is not only a work on TCM diagnosis, but also a modern TCM diagnosis textbook. As he said, the purpose of compiling this book is “the diagnostic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, since the Inner Canon, has been based on the generation and restraint of yin and yang and the five elements. This article adopts scientific methods and re-edited it, striving to be consistent with reality and eliminating any emptiness and sparse criticism.” The book is divided into nine sections: introduction to diagnostics, diagnostic procedures, diagnostic outline, inspection, tongue inspection, smell inspection, interrogation, palpation and pulse diagnosis. Each article is divided into several chapters. The first three sections discuss the significance, theoretical evolution, and basic characteristics of Chinese diagnostic medicine, proposing diagnostic outlines such as exterior and interior, cold and heat, deficiency and excess, and the priority of primary and secondary symptoms. It also elaborates on the methods, procedures and key points of TCM diagnosis. The remaining six sections elaborate on the content, methods, and significance of the four diagnostic methods of traditional Chinese medicine. The six diagnostic methods listed in the book are all explained in special chapters, and pulse diagnosis is particularly detailed. At the end of the book, there is a pulse formula compiled by Mr. Shi Yiren, which is helpful for memorization.
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Mr. Shi Yiren also served as a member of the textbook editing committee of the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and participated in the review of “Translation of Essential Confucius of the Internal Classics”, “Translation of the Analects of Febrile Diseases”, “Translation of the Golden Chamber”, “Translation of Materia Medica” and “Compendium of Materia Medica” “Outline of Traditional Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine”, “Outline of Traditional Chinese Medicine Surgery”, “Acupuncture”, “History of Chinese Medicine” and other nine kinds of traditional Chinese medicine textbooks. It preliminarily sets the compilation style and framework model of TCM textbooks, provides a textbook blueprint for TCM schools across the country, and has guiding significance for higher TCM education across the country.［20］
Advocating for Educational Rights
During the period of the Republic of China, the Ministry of Education did not accept traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) into the national education system, which greatly angered the practitioners in the TCM field, leading to widespread protests. In response to this, Mr. Shi, in addition to establishing schools, organizations, and publications, repeatedly joined forces with fellow practitioners in the TCM community to petition the Republic of China government, tirelessly striving to advocate for the educational rights of TCM. For instance, in his letter titled “Striving for the Inclusion of TCM in the School System,” he loudly protested against the exclusion of TCM from the system by the Ministry of Education, stating, “If TCM is indeed deemed dispensable by the majority, then the people of the nation should advocate for its abolition without waiting for the clamor of Western medicine. If TCM truly deserves its place, then it is only appropriate for it to be included in the school system. The prejudice of Western medicine, driven by jealousy and competition, is like a mosquito trying to bring down a giant, causing damage to both gold and bones. ”［21］This fully reflects his deep sentiments over the plight of TCM at that time.
In early 1930, Shi Yiren proposed the establishment of the Central National Medical Museum in Nanjing, following the example of the previous establishment of the Central National Art Museum in Nanjing. On May 7 of the same year, this proposal was approved by the government of the Republic of China. The inaugural ceremony was held on March 17, 1931, in Nanjing, and on May 3 of the same year, the Central National Medical Museum officially opened its doors. The first session of the Central National Medical Museum Congress was convened, during which Jiao Yitang was elected as the director, and seventeen renowned physicians including Zhang Jianzhai, Xie Liheng, Shi Yiren, Shi Jinmo, and Zhang Tongliang were appointed as the first executive directors. Subsequently, Shi Yiren held various positions at the Central National Medical Museum, including director, head of the department of prescriptions, member of the academic committee, and member of the textbook editing committee.［22］In 1933, the “Outline of Academic Standards for Traditional Chinese Medicine compiled by the Central Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine” was published, “promoting the scientification of traditional Chinese medicine.” In 1936, the Executive Yuan promulgated the Regulations on Traditional Chinese Medicine. In 1936, Mr. Shi Yiren, director of the Central Traditional Chinese Medicine Center, donated books to build the Nanyang Medical Shrine.［23］
In April 1937, the Central Political Committee of the Kuomintang held its 39th meeting and resolved that the Ministry of Education, in conjunction with the Chinese Medicine Committee of the Department of Health, should draft the “Regulations for the Teaching of Traditional Chinese Medicine” based on the “Temporary Curriculum for Medical Specialized Schools.” At that time, the full-scale resistance against Japanese invasion began, and the government relocated to the west. Shi Yiren, along with Ren 〖JP+1〗Xuefeng, Xie Huidong, and others, went to Sichuan to handle the procedures for establishing traditional Chinese medicine schools.
On April 25, 1938, a meeting was convened at the China Pharmaceutical Factory, where it was decided that Ren Xuefeng, Hu Shucheng, Zhang Ren’an, and Shi Yiren would be responsible for drafting the “Regulations for the Teaching of Traditional Chinese Medicine.” After much discussion over several days, the document was completed and sent to the Ministry of Education by the Central National Medical Museum and the Department of Health. In May 1939, the Ministry of Education officially announced the “Temporary Curriculum for Traditional Chinese Medicine Specialized Schools.”［24］This curriculum was the first officially recognized and publicly implemented curriculum in China’s history, marking an important milestone in the development of traditional Chinese medicine education and indicating that traditional Chinese medicine schools had been formally incorporated into the national education system. On October 12, 1938, Shi Yiren, along with Chen Yu, Rao Fenghuang, Zhang Jianzhai, and Chen Yanzhai, submitted an application to the Social Department of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang for the registration of the “Chinese Medical Education Society.” On November 20, 1938, the Social Department held a founding meeting for the Chinese Medical Education Society and elected Chen Yu, Shi Yiren, and Zhang Jianzhai as executive directors.［25］ This society was the first modern research group dedicated to traditional Chinese medicine education. Shi Yiren expressed his aspiration to organize and reform Chinese medicine, aiming for its self-reliance. He believed that the most important goal for Chinese medicine at that time was to reform its theories and improve its techniques. He warned that if the Chinese medicine community did not take action, reforms would be carried out by Western medicine, posing a significant risk during this critical transitional period.［26］
In 1940, Shi Yiren expressed his views on the “legal rights of medical education,” advocating for those engaged in traditional Chinese medicine education to urgently seek registration to obtain legal protection. He believed that this would establish a legal status for traditional Chinese medicine practice.［27］
After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, in 1954, Shi Yiren, who was already in his seventies, remained committed to his lifelong goal of revitalizing traditional Chinese medicine. He, along with fellow practitioners, submitted a joint proposal to the Ministry of Health, stating that “to embrace the socialist cultural construction of our motherland, it is necessary to strengthen the work of traditional Chinese medicine.” The Ministry of Health responded positively to their proposal. In 1955, the Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine was established under the Ministry of Health. Unprecedented administrative measures were taken, where over 30 leading traditional Chinese medicine experts were recruited from across the country to Beijing. Shi Yiren was among them and was appointed as the first director of the Department of Internal Medicine at the affiliated hospital of the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Xiyuan Hospital of the Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences).［28］
Throughout his life, Mr. Shi Yiren founded and co-organized traditional Chinese medicine schools, workshops, correspondence classes, research classes, and teaching classes in Zhenjiang, Shanghai, Taiyuan, Nanjing, Wuhan, Kunming, Chongqing, Beijing, Yinchuan, and other places; he also founded journals and magazines, wrote books and lectures, cultivated Chinese medicine talents through multiple channels, worked hard to revitalize the cause of Chinese medicine, and worked hard to defend Chinese medicine education. He was a Chinese medicine scientist with outstanding contributions, shining through the annals of history. He was a key figure in the education of modern Chinese medicine schools. He has made outstanding contributions to the cause of TCM education and occupies an important position in the history of TCM education.
A brief note by Yi Ren of Shanxi Medical University: “In ancient times, Dong Feng from the Three Kingdoms era treated patients selflessly, fostering a thriving medical community. Today, we have Mr. Shi Yiren from Zhenjiang, whose profound scholarship attracts numerous students like flourishing peach trees. Though the candle has burned out, its light still lingers, showing that although the past has passed away, the spirit remains. This can be regarded as the highest praise for Mr. Shi Yiren.”
Author information:
Liu HongWei American Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture New York 10016, USA
Peng Liu,Shunyi Hospital, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Email: [email protected], Tel: 13651388591
References
1. Zhang Bolai (Ed.). (2020, February 1). Selected Works of Academic Thoughts on the Establishment of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. People’s Health Publishing House.
2. Shi Zhensheng. (1994, June). Shi Men Yi Shu. China Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Press.
3. Wang Mimi. (2011, August 1). Collected Medical Papers of Shi Yiren. Xueyuan Publishing House.
4. Liu Yang, Zhang Peifu. (2016). The First Officially Organized Traditional Chinese Medicine Society in Modern China—the Chinese Medicine Improvement Research Association. Chinese Medical History Journal.
5. Shi Yiren. (1940). The Basic Conditions for the Revival of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Revival of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1(1), 7-9.
6. Shi Yiren. (1940). Methods of Studying Medical Books for Students. Revival of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1(6), 29.
7. Yang Xinglin, Lu Ming. (1994). Overview of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Education in Shanghai. Chinese Medical History Journal, 24(4), 215.
8. Chen Diping. (2015). A Brief Study on the History of Traditional Chinese Medicine Education in Modern School Models. China Higher Medical Education, 12.
9. Xiao Yongzhi, He Huiling. (2015). Founders of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Chinese Medical History Journal, 45(6), 356-360.
10. Liu Yang (Ed.). (2020, November). Review, Collection, and Verification of Prescriptions. Xueyuan Publishing House.
11. Sheng Guangzhi et al. (1990). Comprehensive Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Chinese Tools. Jilin People’s Publishing House.
12. Shi Yiren. (1929). Three-Week Anniversary of the Medical Community. Medical World, (37).
13. Wang Senlin. (2010, June). Approaches to Popularizing Traditional Chinese Medicine Knowledge Through Periodicals in Republican China. Modern Distance Education of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 8(11).
14. Shen Weidong. (Year unavailable). Preliminary Study on Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Journals in the Republican Era.
15. Liu Yang, Zhang Peifu. (2016). The First Officially Organized Traditional Chinese Medicine Society in Modern China—the Chinese Medicine Improvement Research Association. Chinese Medical History Journal.
16. Wen Xiang. (2014). Shi Yiren and the Period of Traditional Chinese Medicine Education during the Isolated Island Era. Chinese Medical Education Journal, 6, 953-957.
17. Wang Zhonghe, Yang Le et al. (2021). Overview of Shi Yiren’s Reform Ideas for the Revival of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 62(13), 1188-1190.
18. Sun Lingzhi, Nong Hancai, Wang Zhipu. (2019). Study on Huangdi Neijing by Shi Yiren. Chinese Basic Medical Journal, 4, 449-452.
19. Huang Xin, Huang Tao et al. (2009). Establishment Process of Modern Chinese Traditional Medicine Prescriptions. Journal of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 28(1), 44.
20. Hu Xiaofeng, Li Aijun. (2015). Chronology of Major Events of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Chinese Medical History Journal, 45(6), 361-380.
21. Shi Yiren. (1926). Letter Urging the Inclusion of Traditional Chinese Medicine in School Systems. San San Medical Book, 3(21), 4-5.
22. “Introduction to the Inaugural Issue of Revival of Traditional Chinese Medicine”, Society President’s Brief—Wu Jin Zhang Zanchen’s Solemn Declaration. Published in January 1929.
23. Guanghua Medical Magazine. (1936, 3(10), 83). Shanghai Library Microfilm Code: J-2681/01, Frame: 1065.
24. Zhang Xiaoxia. (2015, July 20). The First Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Education Committee: Special Committee on Traditional Chinese Medicine Education of the Ministry of Education. China Traditional Chinese Medicine Report.
25. Zhang Xiaoxia. (2015, May 23). The First Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Education Research Group: Chinese Medicine Education Society. China Traditional Chinese Medicine Report.
26. Shi Yiren. (1940). Speech: “Problem of School Establishment for Traditional Chinese Medicine.” Revival of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Shanghai, 1-84.
27. Cao Hongxin, Li Huairong et al. (2005). History of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. China Ancient Medical Literature Press.
試論時逸人先生對中醫教育的傑出貢獻
劉宏偉 劉鵬
摘要：時逸人，現代著名中醫學家，教育家，也是現代中醫史上積極主張中醫科學化的倡導者。本文就時逸人先生創辦學校、著書立說、創刊設社、編寫教材以及為爭取教育權益等方面進行了系統整理。他一生先後在鎮江、上海、太原、南京、武漢、重慶、昆明、北京、銀川等地懸壺濟世五十餘年，並積極參與創建中央國醫館，整理中醫學術以及維護中醫事業的傳承與發展等 活動，為振興中醫事業盡心竭力, 為捍衛中醫教育嘔心瀝血, 多途徑、多渠道地為新中國培養了一大批中醫人才，是中國近現代中醫教育的開拓者。奠基者，他為中醫教育事業做出了卓越的貢獻，在中國中醫教育史上佔有重要的地位。
關鍵詞:時逸人；中醫教育家；辦學創刊；編寫教材；教育權益
時逸人（1896-1966），字益人，號了一山人、折背叟。原籍江蘇無錫，清.光緒二十二年出生於江蘇儀徵，民國初年舉家遷居江蘇鎮江。現代著名中醫學家，教育家、理論家、臨床家、改革家，中國農工民主黨黨員，也是現代中醫史上積極主張中醫科學化的倡導者。
時逸人少時習儒，自學成才，1912 年拜當地名醫汪允恭為師，1916年懸壺開業。1928 年在上海創辦江左國醫講習所，並受聘於上海中醫專門學校、中國醫學院等校擔任古今疫病教授。1929年赴太原任山西中醫改進研究會常務理事主持日長工作，並在川至醫學專科學校任教，主編《山西醫學》雜誌。1931年起先後任中央國醫館首屆常務理事、學術整理委員會專任委員、教材編審委員會委員、推行處主任、主任秘書、代理館長等職。1939 年在上海中國醫學院、上海中醫專科學校等校任教授、教務長。1940年又創辦復興中醫專科學校、復興中醫社，並主辦《復興中醫》雜誌。1948 年在南京創辦首都中醫院、中央國醫館中國醫學專修科，1949年後在南京中醫進修學校、江蘇省中醫學校高級師資班（南京中醫學院前身）任教。1955 年由衛生部聘至中醫研究附屬醫院（西苑醫院）擔任首屆內科主任，並擔任「西學中班」主講教師。1961 年任寧夏自治區醫院中醫科主任、寧夏回族自治區醫藥衛生學會副理事長、中華醫學會寧夏分會副會長。［1］［2］民國時期由於社會動盪、民族危機、西學東漸等原因，中醫發展舉步維艱，加之《廢止中醫案》，中醫教育被排除在國家教育體系之外，更將中醫的存廢問題上升到文化與政治層面。為了尋求中醫事業的持續發展，尋求存亡出路，時逸人先生進行了積極探索與奮勇抗爭。而創辦中醫學校、設立學術會社、承辦中醫學術期刊，一直被近代中醫學界視為振興中醫發展的“三大法寶”，而這也正是時逸人先生畢生對中醫教育事業的傑出貢獻之一。
創辦學校
中醫向來以師承授受和家傳為主要培養教育模式，創辦學校則是近代興起的中醫教育新模式。儘管上世紀二、三十年代創辦學校日益增多，但是在具體辦學的方式方法上還存在諸多問題。時逸人先生從1928年在上海開始創辦江“左國醫講習所”至五、六十年代“西學中班”，從事中醫教育工作數十年，期間他積極地參與中醫自救、中醫教育與臨床的各項活動，加之繼承和整理中醫學術的迫切願望，為此他進行了許多嘗試和探索創新。
1928年，當時三十二歲的時逸人隻身赴上海創辦“江左國醫講習所”。其實，早在1926年他就提出江左國醫講習所辦學宗旨：“整頓舊學，輸進新知。研究國醫，交換智識。確定正宗，普及教育”。［3］並受聘於上海中醫專門學校、中國醫學院等校任教，專門講授古今疫症及溫病。同時他還在教學，診病之餘，努力撰寫醫學論文，在杭州《三三醫報》、紹興《醫藥衛生報》、餘姚《衛生公報》、南京《醫藥衛生報》等醫刊發表。從此，時逸人先生開始了教書育人、傳承中醫、創新立說的漫漫生涯。［1］［2］
1929年時逸人在山西主持中醫改進研究會時期，兼任山西川至醫學專門學校教授，主講《中醫處方學》、《中醫內科學》等。［4］1939年返回上海後，時逸人先生先後在中國醫學院、新中國醫學院、上海中醫專科學校等校，擔任教授、教務長。
1940年1月時逸人先生與施今墨、張贊臣、俞慎初等在上海創辦復興中醫專科學校。
他認為復興中醫，必以復興中醫教育為前提，提出教學方針為：
1、發皇古代醫學精義。
2、融匯西醫知識並設法利用器械輔助
3、提倡本國藥材。
4、搜羅民間特效驗方及秘方。
5、集中古今中外各家之學識及經驗。
6、促進醫士道德。
7、提倡公共衛生。［5］
在教學方法中也秉持著這個思想理念。他在《告學員研究醫書之方法》中提到“西醫敘述證侯，注重本症，中醫敘述證侯，注重兼證。西醫以病灶為主，中醫以病情為主，當參合研究之”。［6］
時逸人能夠在教學時細說中西醫的區別，令學生能夠掌握中西醫學習時的不同要點。所設課程中西各半。主講教師有時逸人、張贊臣、薑春華、俞慎初、程門雪、陳存仁、尤學週等名醫。而且，該校是第一個依照教育部頒布的中國首部由官方認可施行的課程表，在中醫教育史上具有重要的意義，也是中醫學科建設的重要成果之一。
同年時逸人先生也創辦了“時逸人國醫研究室”，進行函授教育，設有國醫講座。招收遙從弟子，學制兩年。［7］
1949年解放前夕，時逸人在中央國醫館內創立“中國醫學專修科”，培養學生注重理論密切聯繫臨床實務。
解放後該校由南京市衛生局接管，後來併入江蘇省中醫學校（南京中醫學院前身）高級師資培訓班執教，時逸人先生被譽為“南中醫八老”之一。該校為最早具有中醫高等教育性質且經政府立案之中醫學校。［8］他受校方的重托，培養了數期中醫高級師資班，學員現均為國內著名中醫學家。
根據最新統計報告：首屆30位國醫大師中，如王玉川、王綿之、程莘農、顏正華、周仲瑛等20名大師均畢業於高級師資訓練班。
1955年12月19日衛生部中醫研究院正式成立的當天，由衛生部創辦的“第一屆全國西醫學習中醫研究班”同時開學（俗稱“西學中班”），時逸人作為主講教師之一，講授《黃帝內經》。首屆西學中班帶動了全國西學中工作的開展，揭開了西方醫學系統學習中醫的序幕。
從1956年起，在北京、天津、上海、武漢、成都、廣州、杭州、南京、南昌、瀋陽、銀川等地，陸續舉辦了多種形式的“西學中班”，並在1959年發展成為聲勢浩大的全國性群眾運動，前後持續近十年之久。［9］
六十年代初，時逸人不顧年高體弱多病，仍響應國家號召，赴寧夏支援邊疆建設，在銀川創辦“西學中班”，開創了寧夏的中醫教育和中西醫結合事業。［2］
著書立說
時逸人先生樂於筆耕，長於編撰，一生博覽群書，潛心研究和著述，且自成體系，是當代著述最多的中醫學者之一。其代表著作有：《時氏內經學》《生理學講義》《金匱講義》《時氏診斷》《臨症簡訣》《藥物學講義》《中國處方學講義》《中國時令病學》《溫病全書》《中國急性傳染病學》《霍亂》《中國婦科病學》《時氏麻痘病學》《中國內科病學》《中國傳染病學》《中國藥物學》《時氏病理學》《中醫傷寒與溫病》《外感熱病證治要義》《時氏處方學》《中國兒科病學》《實用中醫內科診治手冊》《實用經驗中醫驗方》《中國傳染病預防法》《選 評驗方精華》《選評醫案精華》《審查徵集驗方》《時逸人醫案》《中國內科疾病診斷》《醫宗用藥律例》《時逸人醫學論文集》［3］等總計達30多部。
其內容涉及中醫基礎理論、傷寒、溫病、中藥學、方劑學、內科學、婦科、兒科、傳染病學等多個學科。許多著作多次印刷，行銷全國。港台等地書商亦曾大量翻印，並流傳港、澳、台、東南亞以及日本、韓國、美國等。
《中國時令病學》出版於1930年。該書是他突破歷代醫家對外感熱病已有的成見，將傷寒與溫病中非傳染性病證進行了整和，提出了“時令病學”的新命題。
時逸人認為：傷寒與溫病原屬同一性質之病症，惟有單屬風寒感冒及兼有伏熱之不同，無門戶之爭執，此其一。初、中期之病情傳變，不出三陽經範圍，末期間有三陰經之症狀。傷寒溫病，莫不如是，此其二。
溫病系屬感冒性病症兼有伏熱者，如發現肺系病狀，則為肺系溫病，發現胃系病狀，則為胃系溫病。在經過上言之，初期多發現肺系病狀，失治或誤治，方始發現胃系病狀，是肺胃之爭。在病機上僅屬先後之分，此其三。
古醫皆以傷寒為新感，溫病多伏邪，或疑溫病有伏邪，又有新感；餘則以為新感、伏邪二項，為四時六氣所同具， 正不必以傷寒溫病限之，此其四。
此書成書後，醫界反響強烈，曾9次再版，為近代時令病的醫學理論注入一股清風。
《中醫傷寒與溫病》一書，融傷寒、溫病於一爐，消除傷寒與溫病門戶之見，開創融合傷寒與溫病為熱病學的先河。
時逸人在自序中說：究其實際，醫者以治病為天職，春之春溫、風溫，夏之暑溫、濕溫，秋之伏暑、傷燥，冬之冬溫、傷寒等，四季中所 發生感冒之病症，其治法、處方各不相同，自有匯集整理之必要。
餘於1929年間，草擬時令病學之體例，研究各派之主張，折衷諸家之經驗，述明各症發生 原理、症狀、治法、處方等相。或謂感冒性病症乃輕淺小恙，無繁證博引之必要，不知昔日醫家有傷寒、溫病之爭，意見分歧，聚訟不已，使後世學者，幾有無所適從之苦，倘不詳細分辨，則此中糾紛，永無解決之日。
時逸人的這一論述，對多年來“經方派”與“時方派”之間的爭論作了公平的評說，曾受到近代名醫張山雷先生的讚譽。當時南京國醫傳習所教務主任、著名中醫理論家郭受天也極為推崇該書，認為是明朝吳又可《瘟疫論》的再提高、在發展。［1］
1929年至1937年在山西省政府的鼎力支持下，中醫改進研究會在全國徵集中醫秘方、驗方。時逸人作為審查編輯的主要負責人，陸續編輯出版《審查徵集驗方》6集，收錄驗方6000餘首，其中不乏民間祖傳秘方，以及名家的效驗良方，內容豐富，具有方便、安全、適用的特點。該書是民國全國驗方彙編，近代中國首部官版驗方彙編。［10］
《中國藥物學》1953年出版，全書一冊，分上、下兩編。
上編為總論，分九章。論述中藥的起源及其沿革，中藥名稱的由來，中藥的性質、氣味、使用方法及療效等基礎知識。
下編為各論，凡十一章，收載中藥五百餘種(包括附藥一百餘種)，分述各藥產地、入藥部分、性味及形色、成分、藥理、功效、醫療應用、用量、處方配合、禁忌等。書末備有藥名筆劃索引。
該書內容豐富，條理分明，繁簡適宜，切合臨床，為研究中藥學之重要參考書。［11］
《中國兒科醫學》成書於1954年。本書系中醫兒科病專著。是結合小兒生理、病理特徵及各階段常見疾病綜合撰寫而成。
全書分上、下兩篇。
上編“總論”篇。分兒科源流、小兒生理特徵、小兒營養、初生調護、兒病特點，診查綱要等六章。
下篇“各論”篇。分初生疾患，特殊病患，主要傳染病，內科疾患、外科疾患等五章，均以常見疾病為限。
時逸人先生也把原以單行本形式出版的《時氏麻痘病學》併入本書內。書中將驚、疳、麻、痘四大要症分別詳列原因、症狀、診斷、併發症、鑑別診斷、預後、治法、處方等項。每一病後，必附主方，並於必須加減之處，另附有加減方法。其中對於方藥的運用時逸人特別提到要“惟各人體質、性情、各地風土、習慣、以及病症之兼症、夾症各有不同，勢不能執一方以應無窮之變。必因症制宜，隨時加減，方能合拍”。
創社辦刊
時逸人在長期的磨難中體會到：中醫的發展離不開自己的宣傳陣地，因而在當時十分艱苦困難的情況下，積極創辦期刊雜誌和會社。正如他所說“惟胥淪是懼，立會設社，學說精研，以謀進步”［12］。
1928年6月時逸人與楊志一、朱振生、沈仲圭、張壽甫等在上海創辦《幸福周刊》，其宗旨為“介紹衛生方法，指導健康途徑”，聘請當年上海十大名醫輪流撰文，這是中國現代較早的醫藥科普刊物。［13］
1929年時逸人與丁濟萬、趙公尚、朱振生等創辦《衛生報》［11］等。
此外，時逸人還曾先後擔任了《醫界春秋》、《中醫世界》、《三三醫報》、《神州國醫學報》、《杏林醫學月刊》、《蘇州國醫雜誌》、《國醫砥 柱》、《中國醫藥月刊》等雜誌的特約撰稿人，承淡安社長創辦的「中國針灸學研究社」董事，《國醫求是月刊》社撰述主任等。
1929年時逸人應徵山西中醫改進研究會常務理事時期，主編山西《醫學雜誌》長達10餘年。該刊為民國時期發行時間較長，影響面較大的期刊，其內容“搜羅宏富取材嚴謹，注重實用不尚空談”，主要涉及學術探討，中醫科學化，基礎研究，時病研究，醫務紀要 ，徵稿選刊，醫藥衛生問答等內容，並得到山西政府的支持，為“中國北方唯一富有建設性的醫學刊物”，“中國北方國醫藥界最切實用之刊物”，吸引了大批全國中醫界名流 建言獻策，發表了大量高水準的優秀學術著作。 時逸人先生除在《醫學雜誌》連載《鼠疫之研究》，《病理學》等外，還發表了70餘篇文章，內容涉及內科、兒科、婦科、雜病、病理、藥理等方面。對中醫的發展以及中西醫匯通有非常正面的作用，有很高的學術價值，參考價值和史料價值。［15］
1940年1月時逸人還在上海創辦了復興中醫社任社長，並主辦《復興中醫》雜誌。
時逸人先生以《復興中醫》為園地，宣傳其改進中醫學術與中醫教育的主張，並透過上海中醫專科學校和復興中醫專科學校辦學實踐，在中醫辦學的規範化、教材編撰的標準化、師資任用的專業化、臨床教學的常規化等方面進行了嘗試。［16］
期間他也一再強調中醫改革的必要性，反對“廢醫存藥”，反對“離道成術”，注重中醫教育，提出復興中醫之“五化”，即：“ 學說系統化科學化 、經驗集中化實驗化、藥理生理化化學化、診療機械化實際化、預防社會化政治化。”
其復興中醫改革思想可為當代我國醫療政策的製定提供啟示，頗值得在中醫藥深化改革領域借鑒 。［17］
由此可見，他所創立的中醫學術團體和學術刊物，推動了中醫事業的發展，也為中醫教育改革發揮了表率作用。
重新建構中醫理論學說
時逸人鑑於當時中醫已逐漸缺乏理論創新，只有應世之術。加之西風東漸，科學維新，潮流湍急，咄咄逼人。有識之士，知非改進不足以圖存也。所以，他一再強調要：“注重整理學術，特別是重新組成中醫理論學說。”正是在這一思想指導下，時逸人在辦學期間自編了《時氏內經學》《金匱講義》《生理學講義》《時氏病理學》《時氏診斷學》《藥物學講義》 《中國處方學講義》《中國急性傳染病學》《中國內科病學》《中國婦科病學》》《中國兒科病學》等一系列自成體系的中醫學講義，這在中醫發展史上也是個創舉。
如《時氏內經學》一書是時逸人先生對《內經》深入的闡釋與研究，主要是其在中醫專科學校的講義，前後整理編纂歷時二十餘年。他對《內經》原文採取原文、經義、講解的形式予以詳析，並在一定程度上結合中西匯通中的西醫學理論註釋相關條文，闡述條文中所蘊含的科學新義和原理。這種既兼有傳統以經證經闡釋條文的形式，又有結合西方醫學知識揭示《內經》理論內涵的許多內容，呈現了對《內經》研究思路的多元化，具有很大的進步意義。書中不乏作者的真知灼見，在近代《內經》學術研究史上佔有一席之地。［18］
《中國處方學講義》系1929年在山西川至醫學專門學校編寫出版。時逸人指出“處方學者，乃配合多種不同之藥味以成方，以圖卻除疾病，恢復生體健康狀態之學問也”。
根據《全國中醫圖書聯合目錄》考證，該書為中國第二部方劑學教材。
書中依八法將方劑分為發汗劑、湧吐劑、通便劑、和解劑、清涼劑、溫熱劑、消導劑、滋補劑。每類下又依治法再分若干類。編輯之大意：“本書編次以法為主，在於八法之中各有化裁，變通之法亦分類而詳載之，如發汗劑中有辛涼、辛溫、理氣、和中、養血、滋陰、助陽、溫下之異。攻下劑中有芬香鹽類，輕瀉、峻瀉、洩熱、攻結、下痰、逐飲之殊，分別詳列。”全書共收方111首。
書中緒言包括“古方之考證”、“傷寒金匱方及唐宋方之比較”、“後世方劑沿革之略述”、“後世方書之流傳”、“七方十劑之精義”、“古方分量之考證”，重點討論了中西處方之比較。
他也強調：“中醫處方與西醫不同。中醫處方以加減藥味適合病情為主，西醫處方以簡單藥品固有之功用為主。”此外，時逸人還在方解中採用西醫學說分析了藥物的作用及方劑的作用機轉。這種在方論中摻人西醫知識的思路也被後世一些教材所沿襲。此教材的主要特點不僅體現在對方劑學認識的深化，也著重在進行融匯中西學說的探索。［19］
《時氏診斷學》是他1949年在主持中國醫學專修科時重新整理出版，該書成書於1919年。該書既是一部中醫診斷學著作，也是一部近代中醫診斷學教材。正如他所說編撰該書的目的是“中醫診斷學說，自內經以來，即以陰陽五行生剋為標準，本篇採用科學方法，重新編制，力求恰合實際，一洗空疏之誚。”
全書分診斷學概論、診斷之法程、診斷提綱、望診、舌診、聞診、問診、觸診及脈診等九篇，每篇下分若干章。前三篇論述了中醫診斷學的意義、理論沿革及基本特點，提出表裡寒熱虛實、正邪盛衰、標本緩急的診斷提綱，並闡述了中醫診病的方法、程序及其要點。
後六篇則具體闡述了中醫四診的內容、方法和意義。
書中所列的六種診法均列專章闡述，而於脈診尤詳。書的最後附有時逸人先生自編之脈訣，益於記誦。
新中國成立後時逸人先生也擔任中國中醫研究院教材編輯委員會委員，並參與審訂了《內經知要語譯》《傷寒論語譯》《金匱語譯》《本草經語譯》《本草概要 》《中醫內科學概要》《中醫外科學概要》《針灸學》《中國醫學史》等九種中醫教材。初步設定了中醫教材的編撰體例和框架模式，為全國中醫院校提供了教材藍本，對全國的高等中醫教育具有指導性意義。［20］
爭取教育權益
鑑於民國時期教育部不接納中醫進入國家教育體制，令中醫藥界志士十分憤慨，抗議之聲四起。為此時逸人先生除了辦學、設社、創刊等外，曾多次聯合中醫藥界同道向民國政府上書請願，不懈努力為中醫教育爭取權益。如他在《力爭中醫加入學校系統函》中面對教育部將中醫排除在系統之外大聲疾呼：“大部試平心論之，中醫果在可廢之列，全國人民，當倡議廢止，奚必待西醫之呶呶為，中醫果有保立之地步，自宜有加入學校系統之必要，彼西醫為排擠之見，妒業競爭，蚊口成雷，銄金毀骨。”［21］充分體現了他對當時中醫處境的無限惋惜。
1930年初，時逸人提議仿照前南京成立中央國藝術館之例，在南京成立中央國醫館。同年5月7日獲得民國政府批准，並於1931年3月17日在南京舉行成立大會，同年5月3日中央國醫館正式開館，並召開了第一屆中央國醫館代表大會，推選焦易堂 任館長，張簡齋、謝利恆、時逸人、施今墨、張棟樑等十七位名醫任首屆常務理事。此後時逸人先後任中央國醫館理事、推行處主任、學術整理委員會專任委員、教材編審委員會委員等職。［22］1933年《中央國醫館整理國醫藥學術標準大綱》公佈，“提倡中醫科學化”。1936年行政院頒布《中醫條例》。1936年中央國醫館理事時逸人先生捐書修建南陽醫聖祠。［23］
1937年4月國民黨中央政治委員會舉行第39次會議決議“《中醫教學規程》由教育部會同衛生署中醫委員會，參照《醫學專科學校暫行課目》擬定”。當時正值抗戰全面開始，政府西遷。時逸人與冉雪峰、謝匯東等人“一同赴川，專辦中醫校立案進行之手續”。1938年4月25日在中國製藥廠召開會議，推定冉雪峰、胡書城、張忍庵、時逸人負責起草《中醫教學規程》。 “幾經討論，歷時多日，方告完成，由中央國醫館及衛生署函送教育部”。教育部於1939年5月正式公佈了《中醫專科學校暫行課目表》。［24］該課程表是中國首部由官方頒布認可公開准予施行的課程表，在中醫教育史上具有重要地位，也是中醫學科建設的重要成果之一，標誌著中醫學校已正式納入國家教育體系。
1938年10月12日時逸人與陳鬱、饒鳳璜、張簡齋、陳齋等作為發起人，共同向國民黨中央執行委員會社會部遞交了《為組織中國醫藥教育社報送會章申請備案呈》，1938 年11月20日中央社會部召開中國醫藥教育社成立大會，並推選陳鬱、時逸人、張簡齋等為常務理事。［25］
該社是近代第一個中醫教育研究團體。 時逸人當時自言自語说：”他的職志就是“整理中國醫學，以求中醫之自立”。
他對改革中醫頗有見地，認為““整理學說，改進技術乃中國醫學現下最重要的目標；中醫界自己不振作，改革中醫就會由西方醫學來越俁代庖。當前是中醫最重要的過渡時期，不及時把握，將失去改革之機會。”［26］
1940年時逸人對“醫育法權”提出自己的看法，他呼籲：“從事中醫教育者，其亟謀進行立案，以取得法律之保障。”從而使中醫行醫有合法地位。［27］
新中國成立後，1954年已界花甲之年的時逸人，仍念念不忘振興中醫之宿志，與諸同道聯名向中央衛生部提出：“為迎接祖國社會主義文化建設，必須加強中醫工”作的建議。中央衛生部複文給予充分肯定與採納。
1955年北京成立了衛生部中醫研究院，國家史無前例的動用行政手段，從全國徵召30餘位首屈一指的名醫大師進京，時逸人奉命上調北京。應聘為衛生部中醫研究院附屬醫院（中國中醫 科學院西苑醫院）首任內科主任。［28］
總而言之，時逸人先生一生先後在鎮江、上海、太原、南京、武漢、昆明、重慶、北京、銀川等地創辦或協辦中醫學校、講習所、函授班、研究班、師資班；並創辦期刊雜誌 ，著書立說等，多途徑、多渠道地培養中醫人才，為振興中醫事業盡心竭力，為捍衛中醫教育嘔心瀝血。時逸人是一位功勳卓著、彪炳史冊的中醫學家，是我國近現代中醫院校 教育的開拓者、奠基者。他為中醫教育事業做出了卓越的貢獻，在我國中醫教育史上佔有重要的地位。
山西醫科大學時逸人小記：“古有三國董奉治病不計報酬，杏林春暖。今有鎮江時逸人學術精湛，桃李盈門。紅燭燃盡光未熄，昔人雖逝魂猶在。” 可以說是對時逸人先生的最好讚譽。
作者簡介：
劉宏偉,美國中醫藥針灸學會 紐約 10016
劉鵬,北京中醫院順義醫院 Email:[email protected],電話：13651388591
參考文獻
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